Heads-up limit hold’em poker is solved
Abstract
Poker is a family of games that exhibit imperfect information, where players do not have full knowledge of past events. Whereas many perfect-information games have been solved (e.g., Connect Four and checkers), no nontrivial imperfect-information game played competitively by humans has previously been solved. Here, we announce that heads-up limit Texas hold’em is now essentially weakly solved. Furthermore, this computation formally proves the common wisdom that the dealer in the game holds a substantial advantage. This result was enabled by a new algorithm, CFR+, which is capable of solving extensive-form games orders of magnitude larger than previously possible.
- Publication:
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Science
- Pub Date:
- January 2015
- DOI:
- Bibcode:
- 2015Sci...347..145B
- Keywords:
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- COMP/MATH