Asụsụ Tani
Asụsụ Tani, nke a na-akpọkarị asụsụ Tani, gụnyere otu asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya nke ndị Tani na-asụ na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke India, bụ isi na steeti Arunachal Pradesh na Assam . Asụsụ ndị a bụ nke ezinụlọ Sino-Tibet na-agụnye ọtụtụ olumba ndị dị ka Nyishi, Galo, Apatani, Adi, Tagin, na Mising .
ndabere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Tani na-asụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 2,170,500 nke Arunachal Pradesh, gụnyere Adi, Apatani, Galo, Mising, Nyishi, Tagin, na nke East Kameng, West Kameng, Papumpare, Lower Subansiri, Upper Subansiri, West Siang, Lower East Sipper na mpaghara Lobansi, West Siang, Lower East Sipper, na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Sipper Siang . Arunachal Pradesh na Dhemaji, North Lakhimpur, Sonitpur, Majuli wdg mpaghara Assam. Na Arunachal Pradesh nanị, ebe a na-asụ Tani na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 40,000, ma ọ bụ ihe dị ka ọkara nke steeti ahụ. Obodo Tani gbasasịrị agbasasị gafee ókè Sino-India gaa n'akụkụ dị nso na Mêdog (Ndị Miguba ), Mainling (Ndị Bokar na Tagin), na Lhünzê ( Bangni, Na, Bayi, Dazu, na Mara ndị mmadụ) nke Tibet.
Jackson Tianshin Sun tụpụtara aha Tani na mbụ na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ doctoral 1993 ya.
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ekewa asụsụ ndị Tani n'ụzọ nchekwa dị ka ngalaba dị iche na Sino-Tibet. Ndị ikwu ha kacha nso nwere ike ịbụ ndị agbata obi ha n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ asụsụ Digaro, Taraon na Idu; Sun (1993) tụrụ aro nke a, mana emebebeghị mmekọrịta n'usoro n'usoro. Blench (2014) na-atụ aro na Tani nwere nnukwu mkpụrụ nke Siangic, yana asụsụ Greater Siangic bụ ezinụlọ na-abụghị ndị Sino-Tibet nke nwere asụsụ Idu - Taraon na asụsụ Siangic .
Mark Post (2015) na-achọpụta na ụdị ụdị Tani dabara na mpaghara asụsụ Mainland Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, nke na-enwekarị ụkpụrụ morphosyntactic creoloid, karịa asụsụ ndị Tibetosphere. Post (2015) kwukwara na omenala Tani yiri omenala agbụrụ Mainland Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na anaghị emegharị ya na gburugburu montane oyi.
Nkewa nwa oge na Sun (1993), onye rụrụ ụka na Tani bụ ngalaba izizi nke Tibeto-Burman (n'ime Sino-Tibetan), bụ:
Na Eastern Tani, van Driem (2008) [1] na-agbakwụnye asụsụ ndị a nwere ike ime:
- Tangam
A na-ekewa Milang dị ka asụsụ Tani dị iche iche, mana n'afọ 2011 ka eweghachiri ya dị ka Siangic (Post & Blench 2011).
Sun rụgharịrị akụkụ nke Proto-Tani (1993). Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mgbọrọgwụ arụgharịrị nwere cognates n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Sino-Tibet. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ okwu Proto-Tani enweghị nkwenye n'ime Sino-Tibetan (Post 2011), na ọtụtụ ụtọ ụtọ Tani yiri ka ọ bụ nke abụọ, na-enweghị ndị na-emekọrịta ihe na asụsụ Sino-Tibet na-agbanwe agbanwe dị ka Jingpho ma ọ bụ asụsụ Kiranti (Post 2006). Post (2012) na-atụ aro na Apatani na Milang nwere ndị na-abụghị ndị Tani substrata, nakwa na ka asụsụ Tani oge mbụ gbasaara n'ime Arunachal Pradesh, ịgwakọta na asụsụ ndị na-abụghị ndị Tani mere.
Mark Post (2013) tụpụtara nhazi ọkwa ndị a edegharịrị maka asụsụ Tani. Asụsụ Ashing enweghị akwụkwọ nwere ike bụrụ nke a.
Otú ọ dị, Macario (2015) na-ekwu na ọtụtụ okwu Apatani dị nso na nwughari nke Proto-Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff 2003) karịa Proto-Tani (Sun 1993). Nkọwa enwere ike gụnyere Apatani nwere substratum nke ngalaba Tibeto-Burman ma ọ bụ phylum asụsụ, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe asụsụ na Proto-Tani. [2]
Isoglosses
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Sun (1993: 254-255) depụtara isoglosses lexical iri abụọ na ise n'etiti Western Tani na Eastern Tani.
| Gloss | Proto-Western Tani | Proto-Eastern Tani |
|---|---|---|
| urine | *sum | *si |
| blind | *mik-čiŋ | *mik-maŋ |
| mouth | *gam | *nap-paŋ |
| nose | *ñV-pum | *ñV-buŋ |
| wind (n.) | *rji | *sar |
| rain (n.) | *mV-doŋ | *pV-doŋ |
| thunder | *doŋ-gum | *doŋ-mɯr |
| lightning | *doŋ-rjak | *ja-ri |
| fish | *ŋo-i | *a-ŋo |
| tiger | *paŋ-tə | *mjo/mro |
| root | *m(j)a | *pɯr |
| old man | *mi-kam | *mi-ǰiŋ |
| village | *nam-pom | *duŋ-luŋ |
| granary | *nam-suŋ | *kjum-suŋ |
| year | *ñiŋ | *tak |
| sell | *pruk | *ko |
| breath | *sak | *ŋa |
| ferry/cross | *rap | *koŋ |
| arrive | *-ki | *pɯŋ |
| say/speak | *ban±man | *lu |
| rich | *mi-tə~mi-ta | *mi-rem |
| soft | *ñi-mjak | *rə-mjak |
| drunk | *kjum | - |
| back (adv.) | *-kur | *lat² |
| ten | *čam | *rjɯŋ |
Nchekwa asụsụ Tani
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbalị a na-eme ichekwa asụsụ ndị Tani gụnyere akwụkwọ, mmepe nke usoro ide ihe, na atụmatụ nkuzi nke e mere iji mee ka asụsụ obodo ndị a pụta ìhè. Tani Language Foundation (TLF) na-etinye aka n'ịkwalite ihe nketa asụsụ na omenala site na mmemme dị iche iche, gụnyere nkwado, mmemme mmata, na mmepe akụrụngwa nkuzi. Ntọala ahụ na-ahazikwa atumatu lekwasịrị anya obodo dịka nkuzi, mmemme omenala, na mkpọsa n'ịntanetị. [3]
Edemede ederede jikọtara ọnụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Tony Koyu, onye ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze si Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh chepụtara usoro mkpụrụedemede ọhụrụ maka asụsụ Tani. Ebu ụzọ gosi ya na nzukọ ọmụmụ na North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology na Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh na Nọvemba 2001. O nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na usoro ederede ọ bụla, mana ụfọdụ mkpụrụedemede yiri mkpụrụedemede Bengali ma ọ bụ Latịn. [4]
Edemede ahụ echewo nnukwu nkatọ ihu, ebe ndị na-akparị ya na-agbagha eziokwu na mkpa omenala ya. Esemokwu dị mkpa megide edemede ahụ bụ na ọ dị ka ihe odide Devanagari na-emetụta ya nke ukwuu karịa ịbụ ihe okike ụmụ amaala. Ndị nkatọ na-arụtụ aka na iji okwu ahụ bụ "Lipi," nke sitere na Hindi, na-ewelite nchegbu banyere mmalite edemede ahụ na ndakọrịta ya na omenala obodo. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ na-ele atụmatụ a anya dị ka mgbalị aghụghọ iji kwalite mmekọrịta omenala na North India, nke nwere ike na-efunahụ asụsụ pụrụ iche na omenala ndị Tani. Na mgbakwunye, Tani Lipi anaghị agụta maka ụda olu nke asụsụ Tani, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa maka nnochite anya ziri ezi na ịkpọ okwu. [5]
Ihe ndetu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ van Driem (2008). "The Naga Language Groups within the Tibeto- Burman Language Family", in Oppitz: Naga Identities: Changing Local Cultures in the Northeast of India. Benteli, 311–321. ISBN 978-90-5349-680-0.
- ↑ Macario (2015). in Konnerth: North East Indian Linguistics. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University, 213–233. ISBN 9781922185273.
- ↑ Desk (2025-01-03). Arunachal Pradesh: TLF Leads Efforts to Preserve Indigenous Linguistic Heritage (en). Sentinel Assam. Retrieved on 2025-01-12.
- ↑ Tani Lipi. Omniglot.com (10 August 2021).
- ↑ Unknown (2013-02-07). Mishing Renaissance: Troubles in the Tani-Lipi. Mishing Renaissance. Retrieved on 2024-06-01.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Bradley, David, 1997. "Asụsụ Tibeto-Burman na nhazi ọkwa." Na David Bradley, ed. Asụsụ Tibeto-Burman nke Himalaya. Canberra, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mahadum Mba Ọstrelia: 1–72. ISBN 978-0-85883-456-9 .
- Blench, Roger (2014). Akwụkwọ ndị dara ada na-apụ apụ: ụzọ neo-Hammarstromian maka nhazi nke Sino-Tibet . Ngosipụta enyere na Mahadum New England, Armidale, 6 Septemba 2014.
- James A. Matisoff, 2003. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Proto-Tibeto-Burman: Sistemu na Nkà Ihe Ọmụma nke Nrụgharị nke Sino-Tibet . Berkeley, Mahadum California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-09843-5 .
- van Driem, George, 2001. Asụsụ nke Himalaya: Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Ethnolinguistic nke Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4 .
- Mbipute, Mark, 2006. " Mgbakọ na nhazi nke lexicon Tani ." Asụsụ asụsụ nke Mpaghara Tibeto-Burman 29 (1): 41–60.
- Mbipute, Mark, 2011. "Wepụ ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe, ịmepụta ihe na ụdị dị iche iche nke Tibeto-Burman." Ọmụmụ ihe na mgbọrọgwụ nke ụdị asụsụ dị iche iche. Ụlọ ọrụ Cairns, Mahadum James Cook, Australia, June 9–10.
- Mbipute, Mark, 2012. "Asụsụ, omenala, gburugburu ebe obibi na mmalite nke ndị na-asụ Proto-Tani: Gịnị bụ ihe a maara, na ihe na-abụghị (ma)." Na T. Huber na S. Blackburn, Eds. Mmalite na Mbugharị na Mgbatị Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Himalaya . Leiden, Brill: 161–194. ISBN 978-90-04-22691-3 .
- Biputere, Mark W. na Roger Blench, 2011. " Siangic: phylum asụsụ ọhụrụ na North East India ." 6th International Conference of North East Indian Linguistics Society, Tezpur University, Assam, India, January 29 - February 2.
- Sun, Tianshin Jackson, 1993. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme – ntụnyere nke ngalaba Tani (Mirish) na Tibeto-Burman. Berkeley, Mahadum California PhD Dissertation.