Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰelh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵʰelh₃-^[1]^[2]

green, yellow

Reconstruction notes

Conflated with *ǵʰleh₁- (“to shine, glow”) by Pokorny.

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰelh₃- (52 c, 0 e)

*ǵʰélh₃-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źelˀtei
  - Latvian: zelt
  - Lithuanian: žélti
- ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *zelènъ (past passive participle) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰléh₃-ih₂ ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-yéh₂-s^[3]^[4]
- Proto-Germanic: *glējaz^[5]
  - Old Norse: *glær
    - Norwegian: glæ (“pale yellow”)

*ǵʰólh₃-i-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s (or *ǵʰel(h₃)-i-s^[6])
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰárHiš (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰelh₃-wó-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: žel̃vas
- Proto-Germanic: *gelwaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰelh₃-i-wó-s
- Proto-Italic: *heliwos (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰelh₃-o-s^[7]
- Proto-Celtic: *gelos (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰélh₃-ō ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-n-és
- ⇒ *ǵʰolh₃n-éh₂
  - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *gallǭ (“gall, bile”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *ǵʰl̥h₃en-yó-m
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰélh₃-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-és
- Proto-Germanic: *gulaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *helos
  - Old Latin: helus
    - Latin: holus (“vegetable; greens”)

*ǵʰl̥h₃-ró-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlōrós
  - Ancient Greek: χλωρός (khlōrós, “bright green, yellow”)
  - Phrygian: γλουρος (glouros)

*ǵʰl̥h₃-s-tó-s or *ǵʰl̥h₃-T-tó-s
- Proto-Celtic: *glastos (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰl̥h₃-tó-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gilˀtas
  - Latvian: dzeltens, dzelts (dialectal)
  - Lithuanian: gel̃tas
  - Proto-Slavic: *žьltъ (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *gulþą (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰolh₃-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰolā́ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰarHáH
  - Proto-Iranian: *jarHáH
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀 (zāra, “gall”)
    - Kurdish:
      Central Kurdish: زارە (zare)
    - Middle Persian: [Term?] (/⁠zahrag⁠/, “gall, bile”)
      - Persian: زهره (zahre, “gall”), زهله (zahle)
  - ⇒? Sanskrit: हलीक्ष्ण (hálīkṣṇa, “gallbladder (?)”)

*ǵʰolh₃-to-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latgalian: zalts
  - Latvian: zelts
  - ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *zolto (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Albanian: diell
Ancient Greek: χλόη (khlóē)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Latvian: zaļš
- Lithuanian: žãlias^[8]

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gelwa- ~ *gulu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 174
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “helvus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 282
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*glada-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 179: “*ǵʰléh₁-i-eh₂-”
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 430: “*glēi̯a”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*glōan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 182: “*glēja-”
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “hári-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[4] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 805-6
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 156
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “žalias”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 511-2

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gelwa- ~ *gulu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 174

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “helvus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 282

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*glada-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 179: “*ǵʰléh₁-i-eh₂-”

[4] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 430: “*glēi̯a”

[5] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*glōan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 182: “*glēja-”

[6] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “hári-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[4] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 805-6

[7] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 156

[8] Derksen, Rick (2015) “žalias”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 511-2

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