Big Four (banking)
The Big Four (or Big 4) is the colloquial name given to the four main banks in several countries where the banking industry is dominated by just four institutions and where the phrase has thus gained relevance.[1] Some countries include more or fewer institutions in such rankings, leading to other names such as Big Three, Big Five, or Big Six.
International use
[edit]Internationally, the term "Big Four Banks" has traditionally referred to the following central banks:[2]
Official name | Short-form name | Year of inception |
---|---|---|
Bank of England | BOE | 1694 |
Federal Reserve (United States) | The Fed | 1913 |
Bank of Japan | BOJ | 1882 |
European Central Bank | ECB | 1998 |
Australia
[edit]In Australia, the "big four banks" refers to the four largest banks that have historically dominated Australia's banking industry in terms of market share, revenue, and total assets.[3][4] The "big four banks" of Australia are:[5]
Official name | Short-form name | Year of inception |
---|---|---|
ANZ Bank | 1835 | |
Commonwealth Bank | CommBank | 1911 |
National Australia Bank | NAB | 1858 |
Westpac | 1817 |
A longstanding policy of the federal government in Australia has been to maintain this status quo, called the four pillars policy. The policy has been maintained through the Global Recession of 2008–09, as Westpac acquired St George Bank and the Commonwealth Bank acquired Bankwest, reinforcing the special status of the "big four".
Austria
[edit]The "Big Four" banks of Austria are:[6]
- Erste Bank / Sparkasse* (credit unions)
- UniCredit Bank Austria (formerly Bank Austria Creditanstalt)
- Raiffeisen Bankengruppe*
- BAWAG P.S.K. (formerly Österreichische Postsparkasse)
*separate legal entities operating under a common brand
Belgium
[edit]The big four banks of Belgium[7] are a result of national and international mergers in the early 90s.
- KBC Bank, including its CBC Banque subsidiary in the French Community of Belgium and KBC Brussels brand in the Brussels-Capital Region
- Belfius, government-owned bank
- BNP Paribas Fortis, subsidiary of BNP Paribas
- ING Bank, subsidiary of the ING Group
Brazil
[edit]According to S&P Global in 2024, the "Big Five" banks In Brazil[8] (which are also the 5 largest banks in Latin America):
Rank | Bank | Total assets (USD B) | Ownership | Year of incorporation |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Itaú Unibanco | 555.72 | Private | 2008 (merger of Itaú and Unibanco; Itaú founded in 1945) |
2 | Banco do Brasil | 447.72 | State-owned | 1808 |
3 | Banco Bradesco | 394.76 | Private | 1943 |
4 | Caixa Econômica Federal | 377.29 | State-owned | 1861 |
5 | Santander Brasil | 237.66 | Private (Foreign-owned by Banco Santander) | 1982 |
Cambodia
[edit]According to the National Bank of Cambodia, the top three largest banks in Cambodia dominates 39.1% (The largest bank in term of total asset is Canadia Bank at 14.2%, followed by ACLEDA Bank at 12.7%, in third place Advanced Bank of Asia (ABA) at 12.2%) of the overall banking assets as of 2020. These banks are:[9]
Canada
[edit]There are six banks dominating the Canadian banking sector:
Official name | Short-form name | Year of inception |
---|---|---|
Royal Bank of Canada | RBC | 1864 |
Toronto-Dominion Bank | TD | 1955 |
Scotiabank | BNS | 1832 |
Bank of Montreal | BMO | 1817 |
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce | CIBC | 1961 |
National Bank of Canada | 1928 |
China
[edit]In the People's Republic of China, the "Big Four" banks (四大银行) are:[10]
Official name | Short-form name | Chinese name | Year of inception |
---|---|---|---|
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China | ICBC | 中国工商银行 | 1984 |
Bank of China | BOC | 中国银行 | 1912 |
China Construction Bank | CCB | 中国建设银行 | 1954 |
Agricultural Bank of China | ABC / AgBank | 中国农业银行 | 1951 |
In addition to the Big Four banks in China, there are numerous banks in China which would have larger Tier 1 capital than the Big Four banks of other developed countries, such as:
Official name | Short-form name | Chinese name | Year of inception |
---|---|---|---|
Bank of Communications | BOCOM / BankComm | 交通银行 | 1908 |
China Merchants Bank | CMB | 招商银行 | 1987 |
Postal Savings Bank of China | PSBC | 中国邮政储蓄银行 | 2007 |
Industrial Bank (China) | 兴业银行 | 1988 | |
China CITIC Bank | 中信银行 | 1987 | |
Shanghai Pudong Development Bank | SPDB | 上海浦东发展银行 | 1992 |
China Minsheng Bank | 中国民生银行 | 1996 | |
Ping An Bank | 平安银行 | 1987 | |
Hua Xia Bank | 华夏银行 | 1992 |
Historically, during the 1920s, the term "Big Four" applied to the Four Northern Banks of the Republic of China (i.e., the four most capitalized commercial banks in Northern China).[11] These were the Yien Yieh Commercial Bank, the Kincheng Banking Corporation, the Continental Bank and The China & South Sea Bank. They were contrasted with the Three Southern Banks of Southern China.
By 1949, the "Big Four" banks were the Bank of China, the Bank of Communications, the Central Bank of China, and the Farmers Bank of China. All four were state-owned. Together with the Central Trust of China, Postal Savings and Remittance Bureau of China, and Central Cooperative Treasury of China, these banks were called the "four banks, two bureaus, one treasury" (四行两局一库).[12]
Colombia
[edit]In Colombia, the ten biggest banking service networks are:[needs update][13][14]
Name | Description | Year | Net assets (COP billions) |
---|---|---|---|
Banco de Bogotá | Largest private bank | 2017 | 3,600 |
Bancolombia | Private bank | 2017 | 2,600 |
Banco Davivienda | Private bank | 2017 | 1,204 |
Banco de Occidente Credencial | Private bank | 2017 | 933 |
BBVA Colombia | Private bank | 2017 | 346 |
Banco Agrario de Colombia [es] | State-owned bank | 2017 | 339 |
Banco Colpatria | Private bank | 2017 | 254 |
Banco Caja Social [es] | Private bank | 2017 | 238 |
Citibank Colombia | Private bank | 2017 | 172 |
Banco Popular [es] | Private bank | 2017 | 156 |
Czech Republic
[edit]In Czech Republic, the "big three" are:[15]
- Česká spořitelna, subsidiary of Erste Group
- Československá obchodní banka, subsidiary of KBC Bank
- Komerční banka, subsidiary of Société Générale (formerly part of State Bank of Czechoslovakia)
Estonia
[edit]Finland
[edit]France
[edit]According to S&P Global in 2024,[16] the 'Big Six' major banking groups in France are:
Bank | Assets (EUR billion) | Year of incorporation |
---|---|---|
BNP Paribas | 2,594.14 | 2000 |
Crédit Agricole | 2,476.43 | 1894 |
Société Générale | 1,553.81 | 1864 |
BPCE Group | 1,544.14 | 2009 |
Crédit Mutuel | 1,142.19 | 1882 |
La Banque postale | 738.15 | 2006 |
Germany
[edit]Greece
[edit]Hong Kong
[edit]Bank | Chinese name | Year of incorporation |
---|---|---|
HSBC (Hong Kong) | 香港上海滙豐銀行 | 1865 |
Bank of China (Hong Kong) | 中國銀行(香港) | 2001 |
Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) | 渣打銀行(香港) | 1859 |
Hang Seng Bank | 恒生銀行 | 1933 |
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Asia) | 中國工商銀行(亞洲) | 1984 |
Bank of East Asia | 東亞銀行 | 1918 |
HSBC, Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong), and Bank of China (Hong Kong) are the three note-issuing banks; Hang Seng and HSBC Hong Kong are both under the common ownership of London-based HSBC Holdings plc. According to Global Retail Banking Cross-sell conducted by RFi group in 2015, HSBC, Bank of China (Hong Kong), and Hang Seng Bank were the top 3 most popular banks in Hong Kong.[17]
India
[edit]In India the largest banks, based on total market capitalization, are:[18]
- Big Four private banks in India
- Big Four public sector banks in India
Indonesia
[edit]In Indonesia, the term "big four" is not explicitly used. As of 2018, the four largest banks by total assets are:[19]
Official name | Short-form name | Year of inception |
---|---|---|
Bank Rakyat Indonesia | BRI | 1895 |
Bank Mandiri | 1998 | |
Bank Central Asia | BCA | 1957 |
Bank Negara Indonesia | BNI | 1946 |
BRI, Bank Mandiri, and BNI are all controlled by the central government as state-owned enterprises.
Ireland
[edit]In Ireland, the term "big four" applies to the four largest banks by market capitalisation.[20][21]
- Bank of Ireland
- Allied Irish Banks[22]
- Permanent TSB
- Ulster Bank (a wholly-owned subsidiary of NatWest Bank). Has withdrawn from the Irish market as of 2023.
Israel
[edit]In Israel, the term "big five"[23] is used instead of "big four".
Bank | Hebrew name | Year of incorporation |
---|---|---|
Bank Leumi | בנק לאומי | 1921 |
Bank Hapoalim | בנק הפועלים | 1921 |
Israel Discount Bank | בנק דיסקונט לישראל | 1935 |
Bank Mizrahi-Tefahot | בנק מזרחי טפחות | 1992[24] |
First International Bank of Israel | הבנק הבינלאומי | 1972 |
Italy
[edit]According to S&P Global in 2024,[25] the 'Big Six' major banking groups in Italy are:
Bank | Assets (EUR billion) | Year of incorporation |
---|---|---|
Intesa Sanpaolo | 965.13 | 2007[26] |
UniCredit | 789.24 | 1998 |
Banco BPM | 202.13 | 2017[27] |
BPER Banca | 142.13 | 1867 |
Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena | 122.61 | 1472 |
Japan
[edit]In Japan, the term "big three"[28][29] is used instead of "big four". The related term city bank is also sometimes used for these banks. The "big three" are:
Financial group | Bank | Japanese name | Year of incorporation |
---|---|---|---|
Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group | MUFG Bank | 三菱UFJ銀行 | 2005 |
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group | Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (SMBC) | 三井住友銀行 | 2002 |
Mizuho Financial Group | Mizuho Bank | みずほ銀行 | 2000 |
These banks are all listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange (where they are constituents of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX Core30 indices) and the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American depositary receipts; MUFG and SMBC Group are both additionally listed in the Nagoya Stock Exchange and serve as the financial arms of their respective namesake keiretsu (Mitsubishi for MUFG, Sumitomo and Mitsui for SMBC).
Kenya
[edit]Latvia
[edit]According to a consumer survey conducted in 2019,[30] the "big four" retail banks in Latvia are:
Lebanon
[edit]In Lebanon, where the banks have retained their banking secrecy laws since 1956, which is prevalent in the whole MENA region, and while adopting international measures to fight money laundering, the "big four" banks consist of:[31]
- Bank Audi (founded in 1830 and ranked on the Forbes Magazine Global 2000 list of largest public companies in the world in 2016)
- Byblos Bank (founded in 1950 as "Société Commerciale et Agricole Byblos Bassil Frères & Co.")
- BLOM Bank: Banque du Liban et d'Outre-Mer S.A.L (founded in 1951)
- Fransabank (founded in 1921 as Société Centrale de Banque)
Furthermore, as of September 2016, there are more than 51 banks in Lebanon, one of the smallest countries in the Middle East, a fact that has always made investors from the Arab countries, especially the GCC petrodollar in addition to the European and world investors, to place their funds in the Lebanese banks.
Luxembourg
[edit]The "big four" full-service banks in Luxembourg are:[32]
- Banque et Caisse d'Épargne de l'État (Spuerkeess), state owned bank
- Banque Internationale à Luxembourg,
- BGL BNP Paribas
- ING Luxembourg
There are bigger banks in Luxembourg, but these only deliver a limited number of services such as investment banking, private banking, or corporate banking only. Luxembourg is a financial center.
Macau
[edit]In Macau, the four major banks are:[33]
- Bank of China, Macau Branch
- Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Macau)
- Tai Fung Bank
- Luso International Banking
Malaysia
[edit]According to Central Bank of Malaysia (BNM), the 5 largest Malaysian banks by assets size are:[34]
Bank name | Year of inception |
---|---|
Maybank | 1960 |
CIMB | 2006 |
Public Bank | 1966 |
RHB Bank | 1997 |
Hong Leong Bank | 1965 |
Mexico
[edit]According to S&P Global in 2024, the "Big Four" banks in Mexico[35] (which are within the 10 largest banks in Latin America):
Bank | Total assets (USD B) | Ownership | Year of incorporation |
---|---|---|---|
BBVA México | 197.29 | Private (Foreign-owned) by BBVA | 1932 |
Banorte | 134.56 | Private (Mexican-owned) | 1899 |
Santander México | 108.40 | Private (Foreign-owned) by Banco Santander | 1932 (as Banco Mexicano) / 1997 (became part of Santander) |
Banamex | 93.92 | Private (Foreign-owned) by Citibank | 1884 |
Myanmar
[edit]According to Asia Times, the four largest banks in Myanmar are:[36]
Netherlands
[edit]The "big four" banks in the Netherlands by market concentration are:[37]
Official name | Year of inception |
---|---|
ING Group | 1991 |
Rabobank | 1898 |
ABN AMRO | 1991 |
de Volksbank | 1817 |
The market leader for the Netherlands, ING Group, is one of the world's largest multinational banking and financial service corporations, with products and services reaching over 41 countries worldwide.[38]
New Zealand
[edit]New Zealand is Australia's closest neighbour, with very close cultural and economic ties. The big four Australian banks (often referred to collectively as the "big banks"[39][40][41] or the "big Aussie banks") also dominate the banking sector in New Zealand, through subsidiaries:
- ANZ Bank New Zealand (ANZ), a subsidiary of Australia and New Zealand Banking Group
- ASB Bank (ASB), formerly Auckland Savings Bank, a subsidiary of Commonwealth Bank of Australia
- Bank of New Zealand (BNZ), a subsidiary of the National Australia Bank
- Westpac New Zealand (WBC), formerly WestpacTrust, after a merger with Trust Bank, a subsidiary of Westpac Banking Corporation
Together they hold over 90% of gross loans and advances in New Zealand[42] as well as close to 90% of all mortgages.[43]
These four NZ subsidiaries are massively profitable and sometimes even outperform the Australian parent companies.[44] The extent to which they dominate the banking sector can be seen in profits: In the 2012/2013 financial year, the largest of the Big Banks, ANZ New Zealand, made a profit of NZ$1.37 billion. The smallest, BNZ, made a profit of NZ$695 million.[39] State-owned Kiwibank, community trust-owned TSB Bank, SBS Bank (formerly Southland Building Society) and Heartland Bank, the next four largest banks by profit, made NZ$97 million,[45] NZ$73.5 million,[46] NZ$14 million[47] and NZ$7 million (albeit with an underlying result of about NZ$30 million) respectively.[48] Thus, the profit of New Zealand's next four largest banks (after the Big Four) is equal to less than 30% of the smallest of the Big Four, BNZ.
Nigeria
[edit]The term "Big Five" is used instead of four, with five banks dominating the Nigerian banking world. In 2011, these top five banks had a combined balance sheet, including contingents, of 12.9 trillion naira ($821 billion), 33 percent higher than the prior year.[49]
North Macedonia
[edit]According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, the three largest banks in North Macedonia dominate 60% of the banking market share.[50]
- Komercijalna banka Skopje
- Stopanska Banka
- NLB Tutunska
Pakistan
[edit]The "top six" banks of Pakistan are:[51]
Panama
[edit]- Banco General
- Banistmo
- Banco Nacional
- BAC Credomatic
Peru
[edit]In Peru the "big four" are:[52]
- Banco de Crédito del Perú
- BBVA Perú
- Scotiabank (a subsidiary of the Canadian bank)
- Interbank
Philippines
[edit]The term "Big Four" is not explicitly used in the Philippines. The following are the four largest banks in the country in terms of total assets as of March 2020:[53]
- Banco de Oro (BDO Unibank)
- Land Bank of the Philippines (LandBank)
- Metrobank
- Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI)
Romania
[edit]The Romanian banking system has almost 40 banks, most detained by local financial vehicles and some subsidiaries of foreign banks. The big four are as follows.
- Banca Comercială Română, now part of the Erste Group
- Banca Transilvania, the biggest bank detained by private investors with domestic capital
- BRD – Groupe Société Générale, formerly known as Romanian Bank for Development
- CEC Bank, the state-owned bank, formerly known as Casa de Economii și Consemnațiuni
Other major banks are Raiffeisen Bank, Unicredit Bank, and the ING Bank of Holland subsidiary.
Russia
[edit]The largest banks by operations and assets in Russia:
Bank | Russian name | Year of incorporation |
---|---|---|
Sberbank | Сбербанк | 1841 |
VTB Bank | Банк ВТБ | 1990 |
Alfa-Bank | Альфа-Банк | 1990 |
Russian Agricultural Bank (Rosselkhozbank) | Россельхозбанк | 2000 |
Gazprombank | Газпромбанк | 1990 |
Otkritie FC Bank | Банк «ФК Открытие» | 1992 |
Saudi Arabia
[edit]In Saudi Arabia, the "Big Five" are:[54]
Official name | Arabic name | Year of inception |
---|---|---|
Saudi National Bank | البنك الوطني السعودي | 1953 |
Al Rajhi Bank | مصرف الراجحي | 1957 |
Riyad Bank | بنك الرياض | 1957 |
Saudi Awwal Bank | البنك السعودي الأول | 1978 |
Banque Saudi Fransi | بنك سعودي فرنسي | 1977 |
Singapore
[edit]According to S&P Global in 2024, the "Big Three" banks in Singapore are:[55]
Bank | Assets (USD billion) | Subsidiary bank | Year of incorporation |
---|---|---|---|
DBS Bank | 461.0 | POSB Bank | 1968 (DBS), 1877 (POSB) |
OCBC Bank | 435.1 | Bank of Singapore | 1932 |
United Overseas Bank | 396.4 | 1935 |
South Africa
[edit]In South Africa, the "big four" in order of value of assets are:[56]
- FirstRand Bank, operators of First National Bank.
- Standard Bank
- Absa Group Limited, majority owned by Barclays between 2005 and early 2018
- Nedbank, minority-owned by Old Mutual.
South Korea
[edit]In South Korea, the "Big Six" are:[57]
Financial group | Bank | Korean name | Year of inception |
---|---|---|---|
KB Financial Group | Kookmin Bank (KB) | 국민은행 | 1963 |
Shinhan Financial Group | Shinhan Bank | 신한은행 | 1982 |
Hana Financial Group | Hana Bank | 하나은행 | 1967 |
Woori Financial Group | Woori Bank | 우리은행 | 2002 |
Industrial Bank of Korea | (IBK) | 기업은행 | 1961 |
Nonghyup Bank | (NH Bank) | NH농협은행 | 2012 |
Spain
[edit]As of September 2021, the "big four" in Spain are:[58]
Official name | Short-form name | Year of inception |
---|---|---|
Banco Santander | Santander | 1857 |
Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria | BBVA | 1857 |
Caixabank | Caixabank | 2011 |
Banco Sabadell | Sabadell | 1881 |
Sri Lanka
[edit]In Sri Lanka, the leading banks are, as of 2020[59]
|
|
|
Sweden
[edit]In Sweden the "big four" are:[60][61]
Switzerland
[edit]In Switzerland, the Big Four are as follows:
Official name | Year of inception |
---|---|
UBS | 1998 |
Raiffeisen Bank | 1899 |
Zurich Cantonal Bank (ZKB) | 1870 |
PostFinance | 1906 |
Taiwan
[edit]In Taiwan, the seven "systemic banks" are:[62][63]
Bank | Chinese name | Year of incorporation |
---|---|---|
CTBC Bank | 中國信託商業銀行 | 1966 |
Bank of Taiwan | 臺灣銀行 | 1946 |
Mega International Commercial Bank | 兆豐國際商業銀行 | 1992 |
Taipei Fubon Bank | 台北富邦銀行 | 1963 |
Taiwan Cooperative Bank | 臺灣合作金庫銀行 | 1923 |
First Commercial Bank | 第一商業銀行 | 1899 |
Cathay United Bank | 國泰世華商業銀行 | 1975 |
Thailand
[edit]The "Big Six" banks in Thailand are as follows:
Bank | Acronym | Thai name | Year of incorporation |
---|---|---|---|
Siam Commercial Bank | SCB | ธนาคารไทยพาณิชย์ | 1906 |
Kasikornbank | KBank | ธนาคารกสิกรไทย | 1945 |
Krungthai Bank | KTB | ธนาคารกรุงไทย | 1966 |
Bangkok Bank | BBL | ธนาคารกรุงเทพ | 1944 |
TMBThanachart Bank | TTB | ธนาคารทหารไทยธนชาต | 1957[64] |
Bank of Ayudhya (Krungsri) | BAY | ธนาคารกรุงศรีอยุธยา | 1945 |
Before the Siamese Revolution, the banking system was controlled by foreign powers, particularly the "big four" European banks.[65]: 160–169
- The Hongkong and Shanghai Bank in 1888 (Now HSBC)
- The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China in 1894 (Now Standard Chartered Bank Thailand)
- Banque de l'Indochine in 1897 (Now Banque Calyon, a subsidiary of Crédit Agricole)
- Mercantile Bank of India in 1923 (Now Citibank Thailand, a subsidiary of Citigroup)
Turkey
[edit]In 2021, the top three largest state-owned banks held over 37.1% of the market share, while Turkey's top four largest foreign-owned banks dominate 22.9% of the overall market share.[66]
State-owned banks
[edit]Privately-owned banks
[edit]United Arab Emirates
[edit]Based on the total assets of listed banks at the end of 2017,[67][68] big five banks in United Arab Emirates are:
United Kingdom
[edit]England and Wales
[edit]In relation to England and Wales, the phrase "big six" is currently used to refer to the six largest High Street retail banking groups:
Official name | Year of inception |
---|---|
HSBC UK | 1865 |
Barclays | 1690 |
Lloyds Bank | 1765 |
NatWest Group | 1968 |
Nationwide Building Society | 1846 |
Santander UK | 2010 |
Scotland
[edit]In relation to Scotland, the phrase "big four" is currently used to refer to the four largest banking groups:
- Royal Bank of Scotland (NatWest Group)
- Bank of Scotland (Lloyds Banking Group)
- Clydesdale Bank (trading as Virgin Money UK)
- TSB Bank (Banco Sabadell).[69]
Northern Ireland
[edit]In relation to Northern Ireland, the phrase "big four" is currently[when?] used to refer to the four largest banking groups:
- Bank of Ireland
- Ulster Bank (NatWest Group)
- Northern Bank (trading as Danske Bank)
- Allied Irish Banks.
Historical use
[edit]Until 1970, the phrase "big five" (as opposed to "little six")[70] was used to refer to the five largest UK clearing banks (institutions which clear bankers' cheques), which in England and Wales were:
- Barclays Bank;
- Midland Bank (now HSBC UK Bank and part of HSBC Holdings);
- Lloyds Bank (now part of Lloyds Banking Group);
- National Provincial Bank; and
- Westminster Bank.
After the merger of Westminster Bank, National Provincial Bank and District Bank to form National Westminster Bank (now part of NatWest Group) in 1970,[71] the term "big four" came into use instead.
United States
[edit]In the United States, the "big four" banks hold about 45% of all U.S. customer deposits (as of 2018), and each have assets of roughly $1.7 trillion U.S. dollars. As of 2023, they have combined assets of more than $9.2 trillion.[72] The banks are, in order of size:[73][74]
Name | Headquartered in | Chartered in |
---|---|---|
JPMorgan Chase | New York City | Columbus, Ohio |
Bank of America | Charlotte, North Carolina | |
Citigroup | New York City | Sioux Falls, South Dakota |
Wells Fargo | San Francisco | Sioux Falls, South Dakota |
Regardless of the jurisdiction of charter, all these banks are legally subsidiaries of Delaware-chartered bank holding companies.
From a retail banking perspective, U.S. Bank and PNC Bank both have significantly more branches than Citibank, the retail banking arm of Citigroup.[75] However, Citigroup still has significantly more assets than U.S. Bancorp and PNC Financial Services.[76]
Vietnam
[edit]In Vietnam, the four major banking groups are:[77]
As of the start of 2024, the big four held VNĐ13.5 quadrillion worth of public deposits (bank liabilities), equivalent to 50% of all bank deposits nationwide. Meanwhile, during the annual year 2023, these banks represented 42% of the outstanding loans (bank credit) that were issued over this period nationwide, a total of VNĐ685 trillion.[78]
See also
[edit]- Big Four accounting firms
- Big Oil
- Big Soda
- Big Tech
- Big Three (automobile manufacturers)
- Big Three (management consultancies)
- Big Tobacco
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