Old Anatolian Turkish
Old Anatolian Turkish | |
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Old Anatolian Turkic | |
تُركجَ | |
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Native to | Anatolia |
Era | Emerged in Anatolia late 11th century. Developed into Early Ottoman Turkish and Ajem-Turkic c. 15th century[1] |
Turkic
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Ottoman Turkish alphabet augmented with ḥarakāt[1] | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
1ca Old Anatolian Turkish | |
Glottolog | None |
Old Anatolian Turkish,[a] or Old Turkish also referred to as Old Anatolian Turkic[2][3][4] (Turkish: Eski Anadolu Türkçesi, Perso-Arabic script: اسکی انادولو تورکچهسی[b]), was the form of the Turkish language spoken in Anatolia from the 11th to 15th centuries. It developed into Early Ottoman Turkish. It was written in the Perso-Arabic script. Unlike in later Ottoman Turkish, short-vowel diacritics were used.[5]
It had no official status until 1277, when Mehmet I of Karaman declared a firman in an attempt[6] to break the dominance of Persian:[7]
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History
[edit]It has been erroneously assumed that the Old Anatolian Turkish literary language was created in Anatolia and that its authors transformed a primitive language into a literary medium by submitting themselves to Persian influence.[by whom?] In reality, the Oghuz Turks who came to Anatolia brought their own written language, literary traditions and models from Khwarezm and Transoxiana.[9]
The Ajem Turkic language descended from Old Anatolian Turkish. Ajem Turkic started to form its shape in the Aq Qoyunlu, Qara Qoyunlu eras, and, especially, the Safavid era.[10]
Examples
[edit]Following texts are excerpts of the Qabus-nama taken from Turan Fikret's Old Anatolian Turkish: Syntactic Structure (1996):[11]
- bizüm delilümüz: "Our proofs."
- devletlü gişiler: "Fortunate ones."
- zinhâr zinhâr: "Never."
- pîrlikde yigitlenmek rüsvâylıqdur: "It is a shame to act like a young man in old age."
- bulardan artanı beytügħl mâlda qoyalar: "They should put in public treasury that which remained from them."
- birgün bu ilçiyile oturur iken Qısri Büzürcmihre sorar: "One day when he was sitting with this [foreign] ambassador, Chosroes asked Büzürcmihr."
- Kelâm-ı mecîd: "The word of the most glorious (God), the Qoran."
- dar'ül-harb: "Countries outside of the domain of Islam."
- Tañrı aña raħmet itmez: "God does not forgive him."
- ağırlañ aťañuzı anañuzı egerçi kāfirse daqı: "Respect your parents even if they are unbelievers."
- Ne qul kim alam âzâd olsun: "Every slave that I would buy should be freed"
- ve câhil gişileri gişi sanma ve hünersüzleri bilür sayma: "And do not consider the ignorant ones the [real] men, and [do not consider] the untalented ones the knowledgeable ones."
- zinhâr işüñi ťanışmaqdan għarlanma: "Beware, and never be ashamed of learning your job."
- sen yalan söyleyesi gişi degülsin: "You are not someone who would lie."
- artuq zaħmet çeküp artuq ťama' eyleme: "Do not work hard to satisfy your greed."
- eger sen Tañrıya muťigħ olmayup bunlardan muťigħlıq isteyüp bunlara zaħmet virür iseñ Tañrılıq dagħvîsin itmiş olursın: "If you yourself do not obey God and ask these people for obedience [for you] and oppress them, then you are considered as someone pretending to be God."
- yagħnî bir şaxsuñ bir sarayda naṣībi olsa andan ol naŝîbi ŝatsa ne qadardur bâyigħyâ müşterî bilmese Ebû Ħanîfeden üç rivâyetdür: "In other words, if someone has a share in a palace and then if he sells it without either seller or buyer knowing the exact value of it, then there are three traditions according to Abû Ḥanîfe."
- benüm dostlarum beni ğâyet sevdüklerinden baŋa għaybum dimezler idi ve düşmânlarum benüm għaybumı xalqa söylerler idi: "Because my friends liked me very much they did not say my shortcomings to me, [but] my enemies told the people my shortcomings."
- ben eyittim sübħān Allāh qırq iki yaşında gişi neçün şöyle içekim nerdübâñ ayağın nice urasın bilmeye düşe ve dün buçuğında neçün şöyle yörüye kim şunuñ gibi vāqıgħaya uğraya: "I said ‘O God why would a person of forty-two years of age drink so much that he can not judge how to put his feet on the steps of a ladder, so he falls, and also why would he walk like that in the middle of the night when feeling this way."
Orthography
[edit]Old Anatolian Turkish | Ottoman Turkish (Kamus-ı Türkî spelling) |
Modern Turkish | English |
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گُزلٔر | كوزلر | gözler | eyes |
دَدَ | دده | dede | grandfather |
كُچُك | كوچك | küçük | little |
Alphabet
[edit]Letter | Modern Turkish | Letter | Modern Turkish |
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ا | a, e, i | ص | s |
ب | b | ض | d |
پ | p | ط | t |
ت | t | ظ | z |
ث | s | ع | a |
ج | c | غ | ğ, g |
چ | ç | ف | f |
ح | h | ق | k |
خ | h | ك | k |
د | d | ل | l |
ذ | d, z | م | m |
ر | r | ن | n |
ز | z | و | o, ö, u, ü, v |
ژ | j | ه | h |
س | s | لا | la, le |
ش | ş | ى | i, y, ı |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Old Anatolian Turkish at MultiTree on the Linguist List
- ^ Bodroglieti, A. (1972). "On Modern Turkish Üstünkörü and Yüzükoyun". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 26 (1). Akadémiai Kiadó: 145. JSTOR 23657232.
- ^ Schönig, C. (2000). "Some formal types of Turkic relative clause equivalents". In Aslı Göksel; Celia Kerslake (eds.). Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 200. ISBN 978-3-447-04293-2.
- ^ Erdal, Marcel (2004). A Grammar of Old Turkic. p. 314.
- ^ Ergin, Muharrem, Osmanlıca Dersleri, BOĞAZİÇİ YAYINLARI, ISBN 975-451-053-9 [page needed]
- ^ Leiser, Gary (2010). "The Turks in Anatolia before the Ottomans". In Fierro, Maribel (ed.). The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2: The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-521-83957-0.
His ally the Qaramanid Muhammad (r. 660–77/1261–78) did capture Konya in 675/1276 and attempted to replace Persian with Turkish as the official government language.
- ^ Yazıcı, Tahsin (2010). "Persian authors of Asia Minor part 1". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Persian language and culture were actually so popular and dominant in this period that in the late 14th century, Moḥammad (Meḥmed) Bey, the founder and the governing head of the Qaramanids, published an official edict to end this supremacy, saying that: "The Turkish language should be spoken in courts, palaces, and at official institutions from now on!"
- ^ Culture and Tourism Ministry Karaman page (in Turkish) Archived August 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lars Johanson; Christiane Bulut; Otto Harrassowitz Verlag (2006). Turkic-Iranian Contact Areas: Historical and Linguistic Aspects. p. 5.
- ^ Stein, Heidi (2014-02-01), "Ajem-Turkic", Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Brill, retrieved 2022-09-11
- ^ Mahsun Atsız, (2020), A Syntactic Analysis on Gonbad Manuscript of the Book of Dede Korkut, pp. 190–196