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List of Jewish members of the United States Congress

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of Jewish members of the United States Congress. As of 2025, there are 10 Jewish senators and 25 Jewish members of the House of Representatives serving in the United States Congress.

Senate

[edit]
Further information: Religious affiliation in the United States Senate
Senator Party State Term Notes
Start End Length of
service
David Levy Yulee[a]
(1810–1886) 		Democratic Florida July 1, 1845 March 4, 1851 5 years, 246 days Lost renomination[2]
March 4, 1855 January 21, 1861 5 years, 323 days Withdrew from the Senate in 1861 following the secession of Florida from the Union[2]
Judah P. Benjamin
(1811–1884) 		Whig
(1853–1856) 		Louisiana March 4, 1853 February 4, 1861 7 years, 337 days Withdrew from the Senate in 1861 following the secession of Louisiana from the Union[3]
Democratic
(1856–1861)
Benjamin F. Jonas
(1834–1911) 		Democratic Louisiana March 4, 1879 March 4, 1885 6 years, 0 days Lost renomination[4]
Joseph Simon
(1851–1935) 		Republican Oregon October 7, 1898 March 4, 1903 4 years, 148 days Retired[5]
Isidor Rayner
(1850–1912) 		Democratic Maryland March 4, 1905 November 25, 1912 7 years, 266 days Died in office[6]
Simon Guggenheim
(1867–1941) 		Republican Colorado March 4, 1907 March 4, 1913 6 years, 0 days Retired[7]
Herbert H. Lehman
(1878–1963) 		Democratic New York November 9, 1949 January 3, 1957 7 years, 55 days Retired[8]
Richard L. Neuberger
(1912–1960) 		Democratic Oregon January 3, 1955 March 9, 1960 5 years, 66 days Died in office[9]
Jacob K. Javits
(1904–1986) 		Republican New York January 9, 1957 January 3, 1981 23 years, 360 days Lost reelection as Liberal Party nominee after having lost Republican Party renomination[10]
Ernest Gruening
(1887–1974) 		Democratic Alaska January 3, 1959 January 3, 1969 10 years, 0 days Lost renomination
Lost write-in reelection[11]
Abraham A. Ribicoff
(1910–1998) 		Democratic Connecticut January 3, 1963 January 3, 1981 18 years, 0 days Retired[12]
Howard Metzenbaum
(1917–2008) 		Democratic Ohio January 4, 1974 December 23, 1974 353 days Resigned to permit governor to appoint winner of general election, after previously having lost renomination for new term[13]
December 29, 1976 January 3, 1995 18 years, 5 days Retired[13]
Richard Stone
(1928–2019) 		Democratic Florida January 1, 1975 December 31, 1980 5 years, 365 days Lost renomination[14]
Edward Zorinsky
(1928–1987) 		Democratic Nebraska December 28, 1976 March 6, 1987 10 years, 68 days Died in office [15]
Rudy Boschwitz
(born 1930) 		Republican Minnesota December 30, 1978 January 3, 1991 12 years, 4 days Lost reelection[16]
William Cohen[b]
(born 1940) 		Republican Maine January 3, 1979 January 3, 1997 18 years, 0 days Retired[2]
Carl Levin
(1934–2021) 		Democratic Michigan January 3, 1979 January 3, 2015 36 years, 0 days Retired[19]
Warren Rudman
(1930–2012) 		Republican New Hampshire December 29, 1980 January 3, 1993 12 years, 5 days Retired[20]
Arlen Specter
(1930–2012) 		Republican
(1981–2009) 		Pennsylvania January 3, 1981 January 3, 2011 30 years, 0 days Lost renomination by the Democratic Party, to which he had switched the prior year.[21]
Democratic
(2009–2011)
Frank Lautenberg
(1924–2013) 		Democratic New Jersey December 27, 1982 January 3, 2001 18 years, 7 days Retired[22]
January 3, 2003 June 3, 2013 10 years, 151 days Died in office[22]
Chic Hecht
(1928–2006) 		Republican Nevada January 3, 1983 January 3, 1989 6 years, 0 days Lost reelection[23]
Herb Kohl
(1935–2023) 		Democratic Wisconsin January 3, 1989 January 3, 2013 24 years, 0 days Retired[24]
Joe Lieberman
(1942–2024) 		Democratic
(1989–2006) 		Connecticut January 3, 1989 January 3, 2013 24 years, 0 days Lost renomination, but re-elected on the Connecticut for Lieberman ticket in 2006
Retired[25]
Independent
(2006–2013)
Paul Wellstone
(1944–2002) 		Democratic (DFL) Minnesota January 3, 1991 October 25, 2002 11 years, 295 days Died in office[26]
Dianne Feinstein
(1933–2023) 		Democratic California November 10, 1992 September 29, 2023 30 years, 323 days Died in office[27]
Barbara Boxer
(born 1940) 		Democratic California January 3, 1993 January 3, 2017 24 years, 0 days Retired[28]
Russ Feingold
(born 1953) 		Democratic Wisconsin January 3, 1993 January 3, 2011 18 years, 0 days Lost reelection[29]
Ron Wyden
(born 1949) 		Democratic Oregon February 6, 1996 Incumbent 29 years, 79 days [30]
Chuck Schumer
(born 1950) 		Democratic New York January 3, 1999 Incumbent 26 years, 113 days First Jewish Senate Majority Leader and Senate Minority Leader[31]
Norm Coleman
(born 1949) 		Republican Minnesota January 3, 2003 January 3, 2009 6 years, 0 days Lost reelection[32]
Ben Cardin
(born 1943) 		Democratic Maryland January 3, 2007 January 3, 2025 18 years, 0 days Retired[33]
Bernie Sanders
(born 1941) 		Independent Vermont January 3, 2007 Incumbent 18 years, 113 days Elected as an Independent. Began identifying alternately as an Independent or Democrat while running in the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries. Officially joined the Democratic Party after signing a declaratory pledge, but kept his independent affiliation in the Senate.[34]
Al Franken
(born 1951) 		Democratic (DFL) Minnesota July 7, 2009 January 2, 2018 8 years, 179 days Resigned[35]
Michael Bennet
(born 1964) 		Democratic Colorado January 21, 2009 Incumbent 16 years, 95 days [36]
Richard Blumenthal
(born 1946) 		Democratic Connecticut January 3, 2011 Incumbent 14 years, 113 days [37]
Brian Schatz
(born 1972) 		Democratic Hawaii December 26, 2012 Incumbent 12 years, 121 days [38]
Jacky Rosen
(born 1957) 		Democratic Nevada January 3, 2019 Incumbent 6 years, 113 days [39]
Jon Ossoff
(born 1987) 		Democratic Georgia January 20, 2021 Incumbent 4 years, 96 days [40]
Adam Schiff
(born 1960) 		Democratic California December 9, 2024 Incumbent 138 days [41]
Elissa Slotkin
(born 1976) 		Democratic Michigan January 3, 2025 Incumbent 113 days [42]

Elected to the Senate, but not seated

[edit]
Senator-elect Party State Year elected Notes
Michael Hahn
(1830–1886) 		Republican Louisiana 1865 Not seated due to policy of Radical Republicans not to seat any senators-elect from former Confederate states until a Reconstruction plan had been adopted[43]

List of states with Jewish U.S. senators

[edit]
Map of Jewish senators as of 2025. Blue means that there currently is one Jewish senator from that state. Gray means that there currently are no Jewish senators from that state.

Twenty-two states have been represented by Jewish senators. As of January 3, 2025, 10 states are represented by Jewish senators.

State Current Previous Total First Jewish senator
Alabama 0 0 0
Alaska 0 1 1 Ernest Gruening
Arizona 0 0 0
Arkansas 0 0 0
California 1 2 3 Dianne Feinstein
Colorado 1 1 2 Simon Guggenheim
Connecticut 1 2 3 Abraham A. Ribicoff
Delaware 0 0 0
Florida 0 2 2 David Levy Yulee
Georgia 1 0 1 Jon Ossoff
Hawaii 1 0 1 Brian Schatz
Idaho 0 0 0
Illinois 0 0 0
Indiana 0 0 0
Iowa 0 0 0
Kansas 0 0 0
Kentucky 0 0 0
Louisiana 0 2 2 Judah P. Benjamin
Maine 0 1 1 William Cohen
Maryland 0 2 2 Isidor Rayner
Massachusetts 0 0 0
Michigan 1 1 2 Carl Levin
Minnesota 0 4 4 Rudy Boschwitz
Mississippi 0 0 0
Missouri 0 0 0
Montana 0 0 0
Nebraska 0 1 1 Edward Zorinsky
Nevada 1 1 2 Chic Hecht
New Hampshire 0 1 1 Warren Rudman
New Jersey 0 1 1 Frank Lautenberg
New Mexico 0 0 0
New York 1 2 3 Herbert H. Lehman
North Carolina 0 0 0
North Dakota 0 0 0
Ohio 0 1 1 Howard Metzenbaum
Oklahoma 0 0 0
Oregon 1 2 3 Joseph Simon
Pennsylvania 0 1 1 Arlen Specter
Rhode Island 0 0 0
South Carolina 0 0 0
South Dakota 0 0 0
Tennessee 0 0 0
Texas 0 0 0
Utah 0 0 0
Vermont 1 0 1 Bernie Sanders
Virginia 0 0 0
Washington 0 0 0
West Virginia 0 0 0
Wisconsin 0 2 2 Herb Kohl
Wyoming 0 0 0

Concurrently serving Jewish senators from the same state

[edit]
State Start date End date Duration Senior senator Junior senator
California January 3, 1993 January 3, 2017 24 years, 0 days Dianne Feinstein (D) Barbara Boxer (D)
Wisconsin January 3, 1993 January 3, 2011 18 years, 0 days Herb Kohl (D) Russ Feingold (D)
Connecticut January 3, 2011 January 3, 2013 2 years, 0 days Joe Lieberman (I) Richard Blumenthal (D)

Elections with two Jewish major-party nominees

[edit]

Incumbent senators are in bold.

Elections with two Jewish major-party nominees
Election year State Winner Second-place finisher
1990 Maine William Cohen Neil Rolde
Minnesota Paul Wellstone Rudy Boschwitz
1992 California Barbara Boxer Bruce Herschensohn
1996 Minnesota Paul Wellstone Rudy Boschwitz
2008 Minnesota Al Franken Norm Coleman
New Jersey Frank Lautenberg Dick Zimmer
2022 Connecticut Richard Blumenthal Leora Levy

Timeline

[edit]
Elissa SlotkinAdam SchiffJon OssoffJacky RosenBrian SchatzRichard BlumenthalMichael BennetAl FrankenBernie SandersBen CardinNorm ColemanChuck SchumerRon WydenRuss FeingoldBarbara BoxerDianne FeinsteinPaul WellstoneJoe LiebermanHerb KohlChic HechtFrank LautenbergArlen SpecterWarren RudmanCarl LevinWilliam CohenRudy BoschwitzEdward ZorinskyRichard StoneHoward MetzenbaumAbraham A. RibicoffErnest GrueningJacob K. JavitsRichard L. NeubergerHerbert H. LehmanSimon GuggenheimIsidor RaynerJoseph Simon (politician)Benjamin F. JonasJudah P. BenjaminDavid Levy Yulee

House of Representatives

[edit]
Further information: Religious affiliation in the United States House of Representatives
Representative Party District Term Notes
Start End Length of
service
Lewis Charles Levin
(1808–1860) 		American (Know Nothing) PA-01 March 4, 1845 March 4, 1851 6 years, 0 days Lost reelection[44]
Emanuel B. Hart
(1809–1897) 		Democratic NY-03 March 4, 1851 March 4, 1853 2 years, 0 days Lost renomination[45]
Philip Phillips
(1807–1884) 		Democratic AL-01 March 4, 1853 March 4, 1855 2 years, 0 days Retired[46]
Henry Myer Phillips
(1811–1884) 		Democratic PA-04 March 4, 1857 March 4, 1859 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[47]
Michael Hahn
(1830–1886) 		Union LA-02 December 3, 1862 March 4, 1863 91 days Retired[43]
Republican March 4, 1885 March 15, 1886 1 year, 11 days Died in office[43]
Leonard Myers
(1827–1905) 		Republican PA-03 March 4, 1863 March 3, 1875 11 years, 364 days Lost reelection[48]
Myer Strouse
(1825–1878) 		Democratic PA-10 March 4, 1863 March 4, 1867 4 years, 0 days Retired[49]
William M. Levy
(1827–1882) 		Democratic LA-04 March 4, 1875 March 4, 1877 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[50]
Leopold Morse
(1831–1892) 		Democratic MA-04
(from 1877)
MA-05
(from 1883) 		March 4, 1877 March 4, 1885 8 years, 0 days Retired[51]
MA-03 March 4, 1887 March 4, 1889 2 years, 0 days Retired[51]
Edwin Einstein
(1842–1905) 		Republican NY-07 March 4, 1879 March 4, 1881 2 years, 0 days Retired[52]
Julius Houseman
(1832–1891) 		Democratic MI-05 March 4, 1883 March 4, 1885 2 years, 0 days Retired[53]
Joseph Pulitzer
(1847–1911) 		Democratic NY-09 March 4, 1885 April 10, 1886 1 year, 37 days Resigned[54]
Isidor Rayner
(1850–1912) 		Democratic MD-04 March 4, 1887 March 4, 1889 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[6]
March 4, 1891 March 4, 1895 4 years, 0 days Retired
Nathan Frank
(1852–1931) 		Republican MO-09 March 4, 1889 March 4, 1891 2 years, 0 days Retired[55]
Adolph Meyer
(1842–1908) 		Democratic LA-01 March 4, 1891 March 8, 1908 17 years, 4 days Died in office[56]
Julius Goldzier
(1854–1925) 		Democratic IL-04 March 4, 1893 March 4, 1895 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[57]
Isidor Straus
(1845–1912) 		Democratic NY-15 January 30, 1894 March 4, 1895 1 year, 33 days Retired[57]
Israel F. Fischer
(1858–1940) 		Republican NY-04 March 4, 1895 March 4, 1899 4 years, 0 days Lost reelection[58]
Lucius Littauer
(1859–1944) 		Republican NY-22
(from 1897)
NY-25
(from 1903) 		March 4, 1897 March 4, 1907 10 years, 0 days Retired[59]
Julius Kahn
(1861–1924) 		Republican CA-04 March 4, 1899 March 4, 1903 4 years, 0 days Lost reelection[60]
March 4, 1905 December 18, 1924 19 years, 289 days Died in office[60]
Jefferson Monroe Levy
(1852–1924) 		Democratic NY-13 March 4, 1899 March 4, 1901 2 years, 0 days Retired[61]
NY-13
(from 1911)
NY-14
(from 1913) 		March 4, 1911 March 4, 1915 4 years, 0 days Retired[61]
Mitchell May
(1870–1961) 		Democratic NY-06 March 4, 1899 March 4, 1901 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[62]
Henry M. Goldfogle
(1856–1929) 		Democratic NY-09
(from 1901)
NY-12
(from 1913) 		March 4, 1901 March 4, 1915 14 years, 0 days Lost reelection[63]
NY-12 March 4, 1919 March 4, 1921 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[63]
Montague Lessler
(1869–1938) 		Republican NY-07 January 7, 1902 March 4, 1903 1 year, 56 days Lost reelection[64]
Martin Emerich
(1846–1922) 		Democratic IL-01 March 4, 1903 March 4, 1905 2 years, 0 days Retired[65]
Adolph J. Sabath
(1866–1952) 		Democratic IL-05
(from 1907)
IL-07
(from 1949) 		March 4, 1907 November 6, 1952 45 years, 247 days Died in office[66]
Harry Benjamin Wolf
(1880–1944) 		Democratic MD-03 March 4, 1907 March 4, 1909 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[67]
Victor L. Berger
(1860–1929) 		Socialist WI-05 March 4, 1911 March 4, 1913 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[68]
March 4, 1919 November 10, 1919 251 days House refused to seat due to conviction under the Espionage Act of 1917[68]
March 4, 1923 March 4, 1929 6 years, 0 days Lost reelection[68]
Jacob A. Cantor
(1854–1921) 		Democratic NY-20 November 4, 1913 March 4, 1915 1 year, 120 days Lost reelection[69]
Isaac Bacharach
(1870–1956) 		Republican NJ-02 March 4, 1915 January 3, 1937 21 years, 305 days Lost reelection[70]
Meyer London
(1871–1926) 		Socialist NY-12 March 4, 1915 March 4, 1919 4 years, 0 days Lost reelection[71]
March 4, 1921 March 4, 1923 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[71]
Isaac Siegel
(1880–1947) 		Republican NY-20 March 4, 1915 March 4, 1923 8 years, 0 days Retired[72]
Milton Kraus
(1866–1942) 		Republican IN-11 March 4, 1917 March 4, 1923 6 years, 0 days Lost reelection[73]
Nathan D. Perlman
(1887–1952) 		Republican NY-14 November 2, 1920 March 4, 1927 6 years, 122 days Lost reelection[74]
Lester D. Volk
(1884–1962) 		Republican NY-10 November 2, 1920 March 4, 1923 2 years, 122 days Retired[75]
Martin C. Ansorge
(1882–1967) 		Republican NY-21 March 4, 1921 March 4, 1923 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[76]
Benjamin L. Rosenbloom
(1880–1965) 		Republican WV-01 March 4, 1921 March 4, 1925 4 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for United States Senate[77]
Albert B. Rossdale
(1878–1968) 		Republican NY-23 March 4, 1921 March 4, 1923 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[78]
Sol Bloom
(1870–1949) 		Democratic NY-19
(from 1923)
NY-20
(from 1945) 		January 30, 1923 March 7, 1949 26 years, 36 days Died in office[79]
Emanuel Celler
(1888–1981) 		Democratic NY (several) March 4, 1923 January 3, 1973 49 years, 305 days Lost renomination[80]
Samuel Dickstein
(1885–1954) 		Democratic NY-12
(from 1923)
NY-19
(from 1945) 		March 4, 1923 December 30, 1945 22 years, 301 days Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court[81]
Meyer Jacobstein
(1880–1963) 		Democratic NY-38 March 4, 1923 March 4, 1929 6 years, 0 days Retired[82]
Benjamin M. Golder
(1891–1946) 		Republican PA-04 March 4, 1925 March 4, 1933 8 years, 0 days Lost reelection[83]
Florence Prag Kahn
(1866–1948) 		Republican CA-04 March 4, 1925 January 3, 1937 11 years, 305 days Lost reelection[84]
William W. Cohen
(1874–1940) 		Democratic NY-17 March 4, 1927 March 4, 1929 2 years, 0 days Retired[85]
William I. Sirovich
(1882–1939) 		Democratic NY-14 March 4, 1927 December 17, 1939 10 years, 288 days Died in office[86]
Henry Ellenbogen
(1900–1985) 		Democratic PA-33 March 4, 1933 January 3, 1938 4 years, 305 days Resigned to take seat on the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas to which he had been elected[87]
Herman P. Kopplemann
(1880–1957) 		Democratic CT-01 March 4, 1933 January 3, 1939 5 years, 305 days Lost reelection[88]
January 3, 1941 January 3, 1943 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[88]
January 3, 1945 January 3, 1947 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[88]
Theodore A. Peyser
(1873–1937) 		Democratic NY-17 March 4, 1933 August 8, 1937 4 years, 157 days Died in office[89]
William M. Citron
(1896–1976) 		Democratic CT-AL January 3, 1935 January 3, 1939 4 years, 0 days Lost reelection[90]
Leon Sacks
(1902–1972) 		Democratic PA-01 January 3, 1937 January 3, 1943 6 years, 0 days Lost reelection[91]
Morris Michael Edelstein
(1888–1941) 		Democratic NY-14 February 6, 1940 June 4, 1941 1 year, 118 days Died in office[92]
Samuel A. Weiss
(1902–1977) 		Democratic PA (several) January 3, 1941 January 7, 1946 5 years, 4 days Resigned to take seat on the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas to which he had been elected[93]
Arthur George Klein
(1904–1968) 		Democratic NY-14 July 29, 1941 January 3, 1945 3 years, 158 days Retired[94]
NY-19 February 19, 1946 December 31, 1956 10 years, 316 days Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected[94]
Daniel Ellison
(1886–1960) 		Republican MD-04 January 3, 1943 January 3, 1945 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[95]
Benjamin J. Rabin
(1896–1969) 		Democratic NY-24 January 3, 1945 December 31, 1947 2 years, 362 days Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected[96]
Leo F. Rayfiel
(1888–1978) 		Democratic NY-14 January 3, 1945 September 13, 1947 2 years, 253 days Resigned to take seat on the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York to which he had been appointed and confirmed[97]
Jacob K. Javits
(1904–1986) 		Republican NY-21 January 3, 1947 December 31, 1954 7 years, 362 days Resigned to become New York Attorney General[10]
Abraham J. Multer
(1900–1986) 		Democratic NY-14
(from 1947)
NY-13
(from 1953) 		November 4, 1947 December 31, 1967 20 years, 57 days Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected[98]
Leo Isacson
(1910–1996) 		American Labor NY-24 February 17, 1948 January 3, 1949 321 days Lost reelection[99]
Earl Chudoff
(1907–1993) 		Democratic PA-04 January 3, 1949 January 5, 1958 9 years, 2 days Resigned to take seat on the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas to which he had been elected[100]
Isidore Dollinger
(1903–2000) 		Democratic NY-26 January 3, 1949 December 31, 1959 10 years, 362 days Resigned to become Bronx County District Attorney[101]
Abraham A. Ribicoff
(1910–1998) 		Democratic CT-01 January 3, 1949 January 3, 1953 4 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[12]
Sidney R. Yates
(1909–2000) 		Democratic IL-09 January 3, 1949 January 3, 1963 14 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[102]
January 3, 1965 January 3, 1999 34 years, 0 days Retired[102]
Leonard Irving
(1898–1962) 		Democratic MO-04 January 3, 1949 January 3, 1953 4 years, 0 days Lost renomination[103]
Louis B. Heller
(1905–1993) 		Democratic NY-07
(from 1949)
NY-08
(from 1953) 		February 15, 1949 July 21, 1954 5 years, 156 days Resigned to take seat on the New York Court of Special Sessions.[104]
Sidney A. Fine
(1903–1982) 		Democratic NY-23
(from 1951)
NY-22
(from 1953) 		January 3, 1951 January 2, 1956 4 years, 364 days Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court[105]
Samuel Friedel
(1898–1979) 		Democratic MD-07 January 3, 1953 January 3, 1971 18 years, 0 days Lost renomination[106]
Lester Holtzman
(1913–2002) 		Democratic NY-06 January 3, 1953 December 31, 1961 8 years, 362 days Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected[107]
Irwin D. Davidson
(1906–1981) 		Democratic NY-20 January 3, 1955 December 31, 1956 1 year, 363 days Resigned to take seat on the New York Court of General Sessions.[108]
Herbert Zelenko
(1906–1979) 		Democratic NY-21 January 3, 1955 January 3, 1963 8 years, 0 days Lost renomination[109]
Leonard Farbstein
(1902–1993) 		Democratic NY-19 January 3, 1957 January 3, 1971 14 years, 0 days Lost renomination[110]
Ludwig Teller
(1911–1965) 		Democratic NY-20 January 3, 1957 January 3, 1961 4 years, 0 days Lost renomination[111]
Seymour Halpern
(1913–1997) 		Republican NY-04
(from 1959)
NY-06
(from 1963) 		January 3, 1959 January 3, 1973 14 years, 0 days Retired[112]
Herman Toll
(1907–1967) 		Democratic PA-06
(from 1959)
PA-04
(from 1963) 		January 3, 1959 January 3, 1967 8 years, 0 days Retired[113]
Jacob H. Gilbert
(1920–1981) 		Democratic NY-23
(from 1960)
NY-22
(from 1963) 		March 8, 1960 January 3, 1971 10 years, 301 days Lost renomination[114]
Charles Samuel Joelson
(1916–1999) 		Democratic NJ-08 January 3, 1961 September 4, 1969 8 years, 244 days Resigned to take seat on the New Jersey Superior Court to which he had been appointed[115]
Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal
(1923–1983) 		Democratic NY (several) February 20, 1962 January 4, 1983 20 years, 318 days Died in office[116]
Richard Ottinger
(born 1929) 		Democratic NY-25 January 3, 1965 January 3, 1971 6 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[117]
NY-24
(from 1975)
NY-20
(from 1983) 		January 3, 1975 January 3, 1985 10 years, 0 days Retired[117]
Joseph Y. Resnick
(1924–1969) 		Democratic NY-28 January 3, 1965 January 3, 1969 4 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for United States Senate[118]
James H. Scheuer
(1920–2005) 		Democratic NY-21 January 3, 1965 January 3, 1973 8 years, 0 days Lost renomination[119]
NY-11 January 3, 1975 January 3, 1983 8 years, 0 days Redistricted[119]
NY-08 January 3, 1983 January 3, 1993 Retired[119]
Herbert Tenzer
(1905–1993) 		Democratic NY-05 January 3, 1965 January 3, 1969 4 years, 0 days Retired[120]
Lester L. Wolff
(1919–2021) 		Democratic NY-03
(from 1965)
NY-06
(from 1973) 		January 3, 1965 January 3, 1981 16 years, 0 days Lost reelection[121]
Joshua Eilberg
(1921–2004) 		Democratic PA-04 January 3, 1967 January 3, 1979 12 years, 0 days Lost reelection[122]
Sam Steiger
(1929–2012) 		Republican AZ-03 January 3, 1967 January 3, 1977 10 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[123]
Bertram L. Podell
(1925–2005) 		Democratic NY-13 February 20, 1968 January 3, 1975 6 years, 317 days Lost renomination[124]
Ed Koch
(1924–2013) 		Democratic NY-17
(from 1969)
NY-18
(from 1973) 		January 3, 1969 December 31, 1977 8 years, 362 days Resigned to become Mayor of New York City[125]
Allard K. Lowenstein
(1929–1980) 		Democratic NY-05 January 3, 1969 January 3, 1971 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[126]
Abner J. Mikva
(1926–2016) 		Democratic IL-02 January 3, 1969 January 3, 1973 4 years, 0 days Lost reelection[127]
IL-10 January 3, 1975 September 26, 1979 4 years, 266 days Resigned to take seat on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit to which he had been appointed and confirmed[127]
Bella Abzug
(1920–1998) 		Democratic NY-19
(from 1971)
NY-20
(from 1973) 		January 3, 1971 January 3, 1977 6 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate[128]
Benjamin Gilman
(1922–2016) 		Republican NY (several) January 3, 1973 January 3, 2003 30 years, 0 days Retired[129]
Elizabeth Holtzman
(born 1941) 		Democratic NY-16 January 3, 1973 January 3, 1981 8 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[130]
William Lehman
(1913–2005) 		Democratic FL-13
(from 1973)
FL-17
(from 1983) 		January 3, 1973 January 3, 1993 20 years, 0 days Retired[131]
Edward Mezvinsky
(born 1937) 		Democratic IA-01 January 3, 1973 January 3, 1977 4 years, 0 days Lost reelection[132]
William Cohen[b]
(born 1940) 		Republican ME-2 January 3, 1973 January 3, 1979 6 years, 0 days Retired to run successfully for United States Senate[2][133]
Bill Gradison
(born 1928) 		Republican OH-01
(from 1975)
OH-02
(from 1983) 		January 3, 1975 January 31, 1993 18 years, 28 days Resigned[134]
John Hans Krebs
(1926–2014) 		Democratic CA-17 January 3, 1975 January 3, 1979 4 years, 0 days Lost reelection[135]
Elliott H. Levitas
(1930–2022) 		Democratic GA-04 January 3, 1975 January 3, 1985 10 years, 0 days Lost reelection[136]
Fred Richmond
(1923–2019) 		Democratic NY-14 January 3, 1975 August 25, 1982 7 years, 234 days Resigned[137]
Stephen Solarz
(1940–2010) 		Democratic NY-13 January 3, 1975 January 3, 1993 18 years, 0 days Lost renomination[138]
Gladys Spellman
(1918–1988) 		Democratic MD-05 January 3, 1975 February 24, 1981 6 years, 52 days Seat declared vacant after suffering a debilitating heart attack and becoming comatose[139]
Henry Waxman
(born 1939) 		Democratic CA (several) January 3, 1975 January 3, 2015 40 years, 0 days Retired[140]
Anthony Beilenson
(1932–2017) 		Democratic CA-23
(from 1977)
CA-24
(from 1993) 		January 3, 1977 January 3, 1997 20 years, 0 days Retired[141]
Mickey Edwards
(born 1937) 		Republican OK-05 January 3, 1977 January 3, 1993 16 years, 0 days Lost renomination[142]
Dan Glickman
(born 1944) 		Democratic KS-04 January 3, 1977 January 3, 1995 18 years, 0 days Lost reelection[143]
Marc L. Marks
(1927–2018) 		Republican PA-24 January 3, 1977 January 3, 1983 6 years, 0 days Retired[144]
Ted Weiss
(1927–1992) 		Democratic NY-20
(from 1977)
NY-17
(from 1983) 		January 3, 1977 September 14, 1992 15 years, 255 days Died in office[145]
Bill Green
(1929–2002) 		Republican NY-18
(from 1978)
NY-15
(from 1983) 		February 14, 1978 January 3, 1993 14 years, 324 days Lost reelection[146]
Martin Frost
(born 1942) 		Democratic TX-24 January 3, 1979 January 3, 2005 26 years, 0 days Lost reelection[147]
Ken Kramer
(born 1942) 		Republican CO-05 January 3, 1979 January 3, 1987 8 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[148]
Howard Wolpe
(1939–2011) 		Democratic MI-03 January 3, 1979 January 3, 1993 14 years, 0 days Retired[149]
Bobbi Fiedler
(1937–2019) 		Republican CA-21 January 3, 1981 January 3, 1987 6 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the United States Senate[150]
Barney Frank
(born 1940) 		Democratic MA-04 January 3, 1981 January 3, 2013 32 years, 0 days Retired[151]
Sam Gejdenson
(born 1948) 		Democratic CT-02 January 3, 1981 January 3, 2001 20 years, 0 days Lost reelection[152]
Tom Lantos
(1928–2008) 		Democratic CA-11
(from 1981)
CA-12
(from 1993) 		January 3, 1981 February 11, 2008 27 years, 39 days Died in office. The only Holocaust survivor to have served in the United States Congress.[153]
Chuck Schumer
(born 1950) 		Democratic NY (several) January 3, 1981 January 3, 1999 18 years, 0 days Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[31]
Bob Shamansky
(1927–2011) 		Democratic OH-12 January 3, 1981 January 3, 1983 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[154]
Ron Wyden
(born 1949) 		Democratic OR-03 January 3, 1981 February 5, 1996 15 years, 33 days Resigned after being elected to the United States Senate[30]
Howard Berman
(born 1941) 		Democratic CA-26
(from 1983)
CA-28
(from 2003) 		January 3, 1983 January 3, 2013 30 years, 0 days Lost reelection[155]
Barbara Boxer
(born 1940) 		Democratic CA-06 January 3, 1983 January 3, 1993 10 years, 0 days Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[28]
Ben Erdreich
(born 1938) 		Democratic AL-06 January 3, 1983 January 3, 1993 10 years, 0 days Lost reelection[156]
Sander Levin
(born 1931) 		Democratic MI (several) January 3, 1983 January 3, 2019 36 years, 0 days Retired[157]
Mel Levine
(born 1943) 		Democratic CA-27 January 3, 1983 January 3, 1993 10 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate[158]
Norman Sisisky
(1927–2001) 		Democratic VA-04 January 3, 1983 March 29, 2001 18 years, 85 days Died in office[159]
Lawrence J. Smith
(born 1941) 		Democratic FL-16 January 3, 1983 January 3, 1993 10 years, 0 days Retired[160]
Gary Ackerman
(born 1942) 		Democratic NY-07
(from 1983)
NY-05
(from 1993) 		March 1, 1983 January 3, 2013 30 years, 0 days Retired[161]
Sala Burton
(1925–1987) 		Democratic CA-05 June 21, 1983 February 1, 1987 3 years, 225 days Died in office[162]
John Miller
(1938–2017) 		Republican WA-01 January 3, 1985 January 3, 1993 8 years, 0 days Retired[163]
Ben Cardin
(born 1943) 		Democratic MD-03 January 3, 1987 January 3, 2007 20 years, 0 days Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[33]
Eliot Engel
(born 1947) 		Democratic NY (several) January 3, 1989 January 3, 2021 32 years, 0 days Lost renomination[164]
Nita Lowey
(1937–2025) 		Democratic NY (several) January 3, 1989 January 3, 2021 32 years, 0 days Retired[165]
Steven Schiff
(1947–1998) 		Republican NM-01 January 3, 1989 March 25, 1998 9 years, 81 days Died in office[166]
Bernie Sanders
(born 1941) 		Independent VT-AL January 3, 1991 January 3, 2007 16 years, 0 days Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[34]
Dick Zimmer
(born 1944) 		Republican NJ-12 January 3, 1991 January 3, 1997 6 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[167]
Jerry Nadler
(born 1947) 		Democratic NY (several) November 3, 1992 Incumbent 32 years, 174 days [168]
Sam Coppersmith
(born 1955) 		Democratic AZ-01 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 2 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[169]
Peter Deutsch
(born 1957) 		Democratic FL-20 January 3, 1993 January 3, 2005 12 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate[170]
Bob Filner
(born 1942) 		Democratic CA-50
(from 1993)
CA-51
(from 2003) 		January 3, 1993 December 3, 2012 19 years, 335 days Resigned to become mayor of San Diego[171]
Eric Fingerhut
(born 1959) 		Democratic OH-19 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[172]
Daniel Hamburg
(born 1948) 		Democratic CA-01 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[173]
Jane Harman
(born 1945) 		Democratic CA-36 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1999 6 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor of California[174]
January 3, 2001 February 28, 2011 10 years, 56 days Resigned to head the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars[174]
Herb Klein
(1930–2023) 		Democratic NJ-08 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[175]
David A. Levy
(born 1953) 		Republican NY-04 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 2 years, 0 days Lost renomination[176]
Marjorie Margolies
(born 1942) 		Democratic PA-13 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[177]
Lynn Schenk
(born 1945) 		Democratic CA-49 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[178]
Jon D. Fox
(1947–2018) 		Republican PA-13 January 3, 1995 January 3, 1999 4 years, 0 days Lost reelection[179]
Steve Rothman
(born 1952) 		Democratic NJ-09 January 3, 1997 January 3, 2013 16 years, 0 days Lost renomination[180]
Brad Sherman
(born 1954) 		Democratic CA (several) January 3, 1997 Incumbent 28 years, 113 days [181]
Robert Wexler
(born 1961) 		Democratic FL-19 January 3, 1997 January 3, 2010 13 years, 0 days Resigned[182]
Shelley Berkley
(born 1951) 		Democratic NV-01 January 3, 1999 January 3, 2013 14 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[183]
Jan Schakowsky
(born 1944) 		Democratic IL-09 January 3, 1999 Incumbent 26 years, 113 days [184]
Anthony Weiner
(born 1964) 		Democratic NY-09 January 3, 1999 June 21, 2011 12 years, 169 days Resigned[185]
Eric Cantor
(born 1963) 		Republican VA-07 January 3, 2001 August 18, 2014 13 years, 227 days Resigned after having lost renomination.
First Jewish House Majority Leader[186]
Susan Davis
(born 1944) 		Democratic CA-51
(from 2001)
CA-53
(from 2003) 		January 3, 2001 January 3, 2021 20 years, 0 days Retired[187]
Steve Israel
(born 1958) 		Democratic NY-02
(from 2001)
NY-03
(from 2013) 		January 3, 2001 January 3, 2017 16 years, 0 days Retired[188]
Adam Schiff
(born 1960) 		Democratic CA (several) January 3, 2001 December 9, 2024 23 years, 341 days Resigned to take seat as U.S. senator. [189]
Rahm Emanuel
(born 1959) 		Democratic IL-05 January 3, 2003 January 2, 2009 5 years, 365 days Resigned to become White House Chief of Staff[190]
Debbie Wasserman Schultz
(born 1966) 		Democratic FL-20
(from 2005)
FL-23
(from 2013)
FL-25
(from 2023) 		January 3, 2005 Incumbent 20 years, 113 days [191]
Allyson Schwartz
(born 1948) 		Democratic PA-13 January 3, 2005 January 3, 2015 10 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Pennsylvania[192]
Steve Cohen
(born 1949) 		Democratic TN-09 January 3, 2007 Incumbent 18 years, 113 days [193]
Gabby Giffords
(born 1970) 		Democratic AZ-08 January 3, 2007 January 25, 2012 5 years, 22 days Resigned to recover from the assassination attempt on her life in 2011.[194]
Paul Hodes
(born 1951) 		Democratic NH-02 January 3, 2007 January 3, 2011 4 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[195]
Steve Kagen
(born 1949) 		Democratic WI-08 January 3, 2007 January 3, 2011 4 years, 0 days Lost reelection[196]
Ron Klein
(born 1957) 		Democratic FL-22 January 3, 2007 January 3, 2011 4 years, 0 days Lost reelection[197]
John Yarmuth
(born 1947) 		Democratic KY-03 January 3, 2007 January 3, 2023 16 years, 0 days Retired[198]
John Adler
(1959–2011) 		Democratic NJ-03 January 3, 2009 January 3, 2011 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[199]
Jason Chaffetz[c]
(born 1967) 		Republican UT-03 January 3, 2009 June 30, 2017 8 years, 178 days Resigned
Alan Grayson
(born 1958) 		Democratic FL-08 January 3, 2009 January 3, 2011 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[201]
FL-09 January 3, 2013 January 3, 2017 4 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination to the United States Senate[201]
Jared Polis
(born 1975) 		Democratic CO-02 January 3, 2009 January 3, 2019 10 years, 0 days Retired to run successfully for Governor of Colorado[202]
Ted Deutch
(born 1966) 		Democratic FL-19
(from 2010)
FL-21
(from 2013)
FL-22
(from 2017) 		April 13, 2010 September 30, 2022 12 years, 170 days Resigned to become CEO of the American Jewish Committee[203]
David Cicilline
(born 1961) 		Democratic RI-01 January 3, 2011 May 31, 2023 12 years, 148 days Resigned to become CEO of the Rhode Island Foundation[204]
Suzanne Bonamici
(born 1954) 		Democratic OR-01 January 31, 2012 Incumbent 13 years, 85 days [205]
Lois Frankel
(born 1948) 		Democratic FL-22
(from 2013)
FL-21
(from 2017)
FL-22
(from 2023) 		January 3, 2013 Incumbent 12 years, 113 days [206]
Alan Lowenthal
(born 1941) 		Democratic CA-47 January 3, 2013 January 3, 2023 10 years, 0 days Retired[207]
Brad Schneider
(born 1961) 		Democratic IL-10 January 3, 2013 January 3, 2015 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[208]
January 3, 2017 Incumbent 8 years, 113 days [208]
Lee Zeldin
(born 1980) 		Republican NY-01 January 3, 2015 January 3, 2023 8 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for Governor of New York[209]
Josh Gottheimer
(born 1975) 		Democratic NJ-05 January 3, 2017 Incumbent 8 years, 113 days [210]
David Kustoff
(born 1966) 		Republican TN-08 January 3, 2017 Incumbent 8 years, 113 days [208]
Jamie Raskin
(born 1962) 		Democratic MD-08 January 3, 2017 Incumbent 8 years, 113 days [211]
Jacky Rosen
(born 1957) 		Democratic NV-03 January 3, 2017 January 3, 2019 2 years, 0 days Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[39]
Susan Wild
(born 1957) 		Democratic PA-15
(from 2018)
PA-07
(from 2019) 		November 27, 2018 January 3, 2025 6 years, 37 days Lost reelection[212]
Andy Levin
(born 1960) 		Democratic MI-09 January 3, 2019 January 3, 2023 4 years, 0 days Lost renomination after redistricting[213]
Mike Levin[d]
(born 1978) 		Democratic CA-49 January 3, 2019 Incumbent 6 years, 113 days [215]
Elaine Luria
(born 1975) 		Democratic VA-02 January 3, 2019 January 3, 2023 4 years, 0 days Lost reelection[216]
Dean Phillips
(born 1969) 		Democratic MN-03 January 3, 2019 January 3, 2025 6 years, 0 days Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States[217]
Max Rose
(born 1986) 		Democratic NY-11 January 3, 2019 January 3, 2021 2 years, 0 days Lost reelection[218]
Kim Schrier
(born 1968) 		Democratic WA-08 January 3, 2019 Incumbent 6 years, 113 days [219]
Elissa Slotkin
(born 1976) 		Democratic MI-08
(from 2019)
MI-07
(from 2023) 		January 3, 2019 January 3, 2025 6 years, 0 days Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[220]
Jake Auchincloss
(born 1988) 		Democratic MA-04 January 3, 2021 Incumbent 4 years, 113 days [221]
Sara Jacobs
(born 1989) 		Democratic CA-51
(from 2023)
CA-53
(from 2021) 		January 3, 2021 Incumbent 4 years, 113 days [221]
Kathy Manning
(born 1956) 		Democratic NC-06 January 3, 2021 January 3, 2025 4 years, 0 days Retired[221]
Becca Balint
(born 1968) 		Democratic VT-AL January 3, 2023 Incumbent 2 years, 113 days [222]
Dan Goldman
(born 1976) 		Democratic NY-10 January 3, 2023 Incumbent 2 years, 113 days [222]
Greg Landsman
(born 1976) 		Democratic OH-01 January 3, 2023 Incumbent 2 years, 113 days [222]
Seth Magaziner
(born 1983) 		Democratic RI-02 January 3, 2023 Incumbent 2 years, 113 days [222]
Max Miller
(born 1988) 		Republican OH-07 January 3, 2023 Incumbent 2 years, 113 days [222]
Jared Moskowitz
(born 1980) 		Democratic FL-23 January 3, 2023 Incumbent 2 years, 113 days [222]
Laura Friedman
(born 1966) 		Democratic CA-30 January 3, 2025 Incumbent 113 days [223]
Craig Goldman
(born 1968) 		Republican TX-12 January 3, 2025 Incumbent 113 days [223]
Eugene Vindman
(born 1975) 		Democratic VA-07 January 3, 2025 Incumbent 113 days [223]
Randy Fine
(born 1974) 		Republican FL-06 April 2, 2025 Incumbent 24 days [224]

Elected to the House of Representatives, but not seated

[edit]
Representative-elect Party District Year elected Notes
David Levy Yulee[e]
(1810–1886) 		Democratic FL-AL 1845 "Did not take his seat in the House" when elected to the Senate[225]
Samuel Marx
(1867–1922) 		Democratic NY-19 1922 Not seated due to death prior to start of term[226]

Territorial delegates

[edit]
Delegate Party Territory Term Notes
Start End Length of
service (days)
David Levy Yulee[e]
(1810–1886) 		Democratic Florida March 4, 1841 March 3, 1845 3 years, 364 days Office eliminated when Territory of Florida was admitted to the Union as the State of Florida[2]

List of states with Jewish U.S. representatives

[edit]
Map of Jewish members of Congress as of 2025. Districts colored in blue have a Jewish incumbent.
State Current Previous Total First Jewish representative
Alabama 0 2 2 Philip Phillips
Alaska 0 0 0
Arizona 0 3 3 Sam Steiger
Arkansas 0 0 0
California 4 18 22 Julius Kahn
Colorado 0 2 2 Ken Kramer
Connecticut 0 4 4 Herman Kopplemann
Delaware 0 0 0
Florida 4 7 11 William Lehman
Georgia 0 1 1 Elliott Levitas
Hawaii 0 0 0
Idaho 0 0 0
Illinois 2 7 9 Julius Goldzier
Indiana 0 1 1 Milton Kraus
Iowa 0 1 1 Edward Mezvinsky
Kansas 0 1 1 Dan Glickman
Kentucky 0 1 1 John Yarmuth
Louisiana 0 3 3 Michael Hahn
Maine 0 1 1 William Cohen
Maryland 1 6 7 Isidor Rayner
Massachusetts 1 2 3 Leopold Morse
Michigan 0 5 5 Julius Houseman
Minnesota 0 1 1 Dean Phillips
Mississippi 0 0 0
Missouri 0 2 2 Nathan Frank
Montana 0 0 0
Nebraska 0 0 0
Nevada 0 2 2 Shelley Berkley
New Hampshire 0 1 1 Paul Hodes
New Jersey 1 6 7 Isaac Bacharach
New Mexico 0 1 1 Steven Schiff
New York 2 66 68 Emanuel Hart
North Carolina 0 1 1 Kathy Manning
North Dakota 0 0 0
Ohio 2 3 5 Bill Gradison
Oklahoma 0 1 1 Mickey Edwards
Oregon 1 1 2 Ron Wyden
Pennsylvania 0 16 16 Lewis Charles Levin
Rhode Island 1 1 2 David Cicilline
South Carolina 0 0 0
South Dakota 0 0 0
Tennessee 2 0 2 Steve Cohen
Texas 1 1 2 Martin Frost
Utah 0 1 1 Jason Chaffetz
Vermont 1 1 2 Bernie Sanders
Virginia 1 3 4 Norman Sisisky
Washington 1 1 2 John Miller
West Virginia 0 1 1 Benjamin Rosenbloom
Wisconsin 0 2 2 Victor Berger
Wyoming 0 0 0

See also

[edit]
Others

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Born (and raised) Jewish, but converted to Episcopalianism in his mid-to-late 30s while serving as a U.S. Senator.[1]
  2. ^ a b Born to a Jewish father and a Protestant mother, Cohen was raised Jewish until his Bar Mitzvah, after which he quit the Jewish faith.[17][18]
  3. ^ Raised Jewish from birth by his Jewish father, but later converted to Mormonism.[200]
  4. ^ With a Jewish father and Catholic mother, he was baptized as a Catholic but "was raised with both the Catholic faith and also the Jewish faith."[214]
  5. ^ a b Born (and raised) Jewish, but converted to Episcopalianism in his mid-to-late 30s

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Allman, T.D. (2013). Finding Florida: The True History of the Sunshine State. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 9780802120762.
  2. ^ a b c d e Stone, Kurt F. (2011). The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members. Scarecrow Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780810857315.
  3. ^ Stone (2011), p. 15
  4. ^ Stone (2011), p. 35
  5. ^ Stone (2011), p. 60
  6. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 46
  7. ^ Stone (2011), p. 78
  8. ^ Stone (2011), p. 182
  9. ^ Stone (2011), p. 206
  10. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 160
  11. ^ Stone (2011), p. 210
  12. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 167
  13. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 281
  14. ^ Stone (2011), p. 267
  15. ^ Stone (2011), p. 348
  16. ^ Stone (2011), p. 328
  17. ^ Stone, Kurt F. (2011). The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members. Scarecrow Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780810857315.
  18. ^ "William Sebastian Cohen". Encyclopedia of World Biography -- The Gale Group Inc. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  19. ^ Stone (2011), p. 340
  20. ^ Stone (2011), p. 350
  21. ^ Stone (2011), p. 401
  22. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 431
  23. ^ Stone (2011), p. 441
  24. ^ Stone (2011), p. 469
  25. ^ Stone (2011), p. 451
  26. ^ Stone (2011), p. 473
  27. ^ Stone (2011), p. 505
  28. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 415
  29. ^ Stone (2011), p. 499
  30. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 395
  31. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 385
  32. ^ Stone (2011), p. 572
  33. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 447
  34. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 483
  35. ^ Stone (2011), p. 619
  36. ^ "Bennet's Views on Religion". National Review. October 28, 2010.
  37. ^ Hamilton, Elizabeth (October 3, 2004). "The Public And Private Life Of Dick Blumenthal". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
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  41. ^ Kornbluh, Jacob (December 9, 2024). "Adam Schiff chose Mishneh Torah for swearing in to the U.S. Senate". The Forward. Retrieved December 9, 2024.
  42. ^ Lapin, Andrew (November 6, 2024). "Elissa Slotkin, centrist Jewish Democrat, wins tight Michigan Senate race". The Forward. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
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  81. ^ Stone (2011), p. 120
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  87. ^ Stone (2011), p. 140
  88. ^ a b c Stone (2011), p. 136
  89. ^ Stone (2011), p. 138
  90. ^ Stone (2011), p. 143
  91. ^ Stone (2011), p. 144
  92. ^ Stone (2011), p. 151
  93. ^ Stone (2011), p. 150
  94. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 154
  95. ^ Stone (2011), p. 153
  96. ^ Stone (2011), p. 156
  97. ^ Stone (2011), p. 157
  98. ^ Stone (2011), p. 166
  99. ^ Stone (2011), p. 177
  100. ^ Stone (2011), p. 188
  101. ^ Stone (2011), p. 197
  102. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 172
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  104. ^ Stone (2011), p. 180
  105. ^ Stone (2011), p. 189
  106. ^ Stone (2011), p. 195
  107. ^ Stone (2011), p. 198
  108. ^ Stone (2011), p. 201
  109. ^ Stone (2011), p. 203
  110. ^ Stone (2011), p. 204
  111. ^ Stone (2011), p. 205
  112. ^ Stone (2011), p. 215
  113. ^ Stone (2011), p. 217
  114. ^ Stone (2011), p. 214
  115. ^ Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Charles S. Joelson Info". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
  116. ^ Stone (2011), p. 220
  117. ^ a b Stone (2011), pp. 223–225
  118. ^ Stone (2011), p. 225
  119. ^ a b c Stone (2011), p. 226
  120. ^ Stone (2011), p. 240
  121. ^ Stone (2011), p. 230
  122. ^ Stone (2011), p. 243
  123. ^ Stone (2011), p. 233
  124. ^ Stone (2011), p. 237
  125. ^ Stone (2011), p. 258
  126. ^ Stone (2011), p. 250
  127. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 246
  128. ^ Stone (2011), p. 256
  129. ^ Stone (2011), p. 278
  130. ^ Stone (2011), p. 299
  131. ^ Stone (2011), p. 270
  132. ^ Stone (2011), p. 273
  133. ^ "William Sebastian Cohen". Encyclopedia of World Biography -- The Gale Group Inc. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  134. ^ Stone (2011), p. 310
  135. ^ Stone (2011), p. 286
  136. ^ Stone (2011), p. 294
  137. ^ Stone (2011), p. 356
  138. ^ Stone (2011), p. 305
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