作者:
Jeremy Black
/
[英国] 杰里米·布莱克 出版社: Palgrave Macmillan 副标题: Military Change and European Society, 1551-1800 出版年: 1991-6-18 页数: 124 定价: USD 39.99 装帧: Paperback 丛书:Studies in European History ISBN: 9780333519066
In this radical reassessment, Jeremy Black challenges many of the established assumptions about the so-called Military Revolution of 1560- 1660. He argues that it is far from clear that a military revolution did occur during this period. Indeed there is more evidence to suggest that the description could be applied more accurately to the following hundred years. This book also ...
In this radical reassessment, Jeremy Black challenges many of the established assumptions about the so-called Military Revolution of 1560- 1660. He argues that it is far from clear that a military revolution did occur during this period. Indeed there is more evidence to suggest that the description could be applied more accurately to the following hundred years. This book also re-examines the relationship between military strength and domestic stability. Rather than seeing the latter as the consequence of the former, Dr Black argues that it makes more sense to see the former as a result of the latter.
Jeremy Black MBE (born 30 October 1955) is a British historian and a Professor of History at the University of Exeter. He is a senior fellow at the Center for the Study of America and the West at the Foreign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia. He is the author of over 100 books, principally but not exclusively on 18th century British politics and international relations,...
Jeremy Black MBE (born 30 October 1955) is a British historian and a Professor of History at the University of Exeter. He is a senior fellow at the Center for the Study of America and the West at the Foreign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia. He is the author of over 100 books, principally but not exclusively on 18th century British politics and international relations, and has been described as "the most prolific historical scholar of our age".
原文摘录
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（一）1660—1760年的制约因素
即使历史学家认同自1600年以降的百年时间里确实发生过重大变革，但当时的情形不过是这样的：战术运用仍然面临重重障碍，如冬季作战异常艰难、弹药质量低劣等，不一而足。由于技术、经济和社会方面的制约因素，有关近代早期欧洲军事革命的任何提法都难以成立。技术制约仍然是首要问题。在海战方面，木船极易腐蚀，只能依靠风力航行，数量也很有限。船只性能大打折扣，因为在热带海域，一个突出的问题就是水下海洋生物生长旺盛，船体易受纠缠，海洋蠕虫也会蛀蚀木船。18世纪70年代，英国舰队采用了在船底包裹铜皮的技术，而法国人直到1785年才采用此法。另一个主要的问题是木料材质差，没有干透，这会导致如果船只遇到风暴，桅杆极易折断。保证己方获得通常产自波罗的海沿岸的高品质松脂制品，同时又让敌方无法获得这种可以用来填堵木船缝隙的战略物资，就成了各国外交和战略优先考虑的问题。只靠风力和潮汐的作用，想要确保在战备和政治上完成令人满意的目标，如全天候封锁或冬季作战时，就会有很大风险，甚至不可能完成。英国海军大臣命令海军上将乔治·鲁克爵士（Sir George Rooke）于1696年4月“抓住风力和天气的最佳时机”，率领舰队驶入英吉利海峡。这不只是流于语言形式而已，而是作战任务只有在那样的气象条件下才能完成。天气对近程和远程作战都会产生影响。查尔斯，即第三代马尔伯勒公爵（third Duke of Marlborough），曾任英国远征军司令。1758年6月，远征军方面断定圣马洛（St. Malo）要塞防守坚固，无法攻克。后来，英军再次远征，但后卫部队在登陆时遭到法军优势兵力的重创。那年10月，查尔斯对远征的失利这样评论道：“我希望布莱先生［托马斯·布莱（Thomas Bligh）将军］在不寄希望于风力这一点上与我一样坚定不移，毕竟气象是所有欧洲海军上将都不能控制的。因此，就我的... (查看原文)
Studies in European History(共32册)，
这套丛书还有
《The Communal Age in Western Europe, C.1100-1800》《Communism in Russia》《Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Europe》《The Renaissance》《The Revolutions of 1848》
等
。
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杰里米·布莱克 作者
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北京大学出版社2019版
2 有用 功夫熊猫小碗熊 2017-04-22 09:49:47
布莱克对Roberts1956的假说提出了系统而严谨的反驳：16-17世纪并不存在一个一次性的爆发式“军事革命”，而是延续两个多世纪的持续变革。变革的深度也并没有Robert说的那么深刻，步兵阵线和火枪并没有迅速代替传统骑兵、长矛阵和弓弩兵，只是偶露峥嵘，围城战的形态也没有太大变化。“革命”从军事转化为政治社会变化也有限，基于绝对主义的君权强化和国家控制军队不仅并未在欧洲广泛出现，而且很难说是一种... 布莱克对Roberts1956的假说提出了系统而严谨的反驳：16-17世纪并不存在一个一次性的爆发式“军事革命”，而是延续两个多世纪的持续变革。变革的深度也并没有Robert说的那么深刻，步兵阵线和火枪并没有迅速代替传统骑兵、长矛阵和弓弩兵，只是偶露峥嵘，围城战的形态也没有太大变化。“革命”从军事转化为政治社会变化也有限，基于绝对主义的君权强化和国家控制军队不仅并未在欧洲广泛出现，而且很难说是一种新型的政治社会安排，莫不如说是君王与精英之间新一轮忠诚与权力交换，没有立刻引起吏治和君王精英关系的变革，军队更没有能力将社会全面军事化，直到法国大革命后才出现社会整体军事化、社会全体动员等军事形态。最后，布莱克强烈反对军事革命论者的技术进步引起社会变革说，而认为是政治社会相对稳定安排下才出现技术革新 (展开)