The founding / Mary Maples Dunn and Richard S. Dunn -- Village into town / Edwin B. Bronner -- Town into city / Theodore Thayer -- The revolutionary city / Harry M. Tinkcom -- The federal city / Richard G. Miller -- The Athens of America / Edgar P. Richardson -- The age of Nicholas Biddle / Nicholas B. Wainwright -- Industrial development and social crisis / Elizabeth M. Geffen -- The border city in Civil War / Russell F. Weigley -- The centennial city / Dorothy Gondos Beers -- The iron age / Nathaniel Burt and Wallace E. Davies -- Progressivism / Lloyd M. Abernethy -- The city embraces "normalcy" / Arthur P. Dudden -- Depression and war / Margaret B. Tinkcom -- Rally and relapse / Joseph S. Clark and Dennis J. Clark -- The bicentennial city / Stephanie G. Wolf -- Epilogue / Edwin Wolf