Pataxó-Hãhãhãe language
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| Pataxó-Hãhãhãe | |
|---|---|
| Hahaháy, Northern Pataxó, Hãhãhãe | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Minas Gerais, Bahia |
| Ethnicity | Pataxó-Hãhãhãe |
| Extinct | 1992, with the death of Bahetá[1] |
| Revival | 1999 |
Macro-Jê
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pth |
| Glottolog | pata1261 |
Pataxó-Hãhãhãe (Northern Pataxó, Hãhãhãe) is an extinct Maxakalían language formerly spoken in Brazil. It is distinct from the Pataxó language.[2]
History
[edit]In 1961, a Pataxó speaker named Tšitši'a (Txitxiáh)[3] was recorded by Wilbur Pickering in Posto Caramurú (located 3 kilometers from Itaju, Bahia). Tšitši'a was married to a Baenã woman, but she could not speak the Baenã language. Pataxó people were also reported to be living in Itagüira, Itabuna, Bahia.[4] The last speaker of Hãhãhãe in the Paraguaçu outpost, Bahetá, created lessons on the Pataxó language.[5]
A 100-word primer of Pataxó exists, which is of great symbolic value to the community.[6][7]
Geographical distribution
[edit]Pataxó as documented by Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied during the early 1800s[8] is distinct from Pataxó-Hãhãhãe.[how?] It was historically spoken from the Mucuri River to Porto Seguro in southern Bahia from at least the 17th century.[9]
From at least the 19th century, the Pataxó-Hãhãhãe had historically occupied a region stretching from the Pardo River to the de Contas River in southern Bahia.[9]
Phonology
[edit]Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ | ɔ | |
| Open | a | |||
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ĩ | ɨ̃ | ũ | |
| Mid | ẽ | ə̃ | õ | |
| Open-mid | ɛ̃ | ʌ̃ | ɔ̃ | |
| Open | ã | |||
/ɨ, ɨ̃/ can also be heard as [ɪ, ɪ̃].[10][11]
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p b | t | tʃ | k ɡ | ʔ |
| Fricative | ʃ ʒ | h | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Approximant | w |
References
[edit]- ^ Santos, Reginaldo Ramos dos (2020-12-29). "Kuin Kahab Mikahab: Hãhãhãe Pataxó Hãhãhãe Ũg Iẽ Ikhã Ikô Tâypâk Anekö: Quero comer, quero viver: a luta pelo reavivamento da língua Pataxó Hãhãhãe". Cadernos de Linguística. 1 (3): 01–14. doi:10.25189/2675-4916.2020.v1.n3.id253.
- ^ Nelson, Jessica Fae (2023-10-01). "On Pataxó Hãhãhãe and Maxakalí". International Journal of American Linguistics. 89 (4): 531–563. doi:10.1086/726150. ISSN 0020-7071.
- ^ Santos, Reginaldo Ramos dos (2020-12-29). "Kuin Kahab Mikahab: Hãhãhãe Pataxó Hãhãhãe Ũg Iẽ Ikhã Ikô Tâypâk Anekö: Quero comer, quero viver: a luta pelo reavivamento da língua Pataxó Hãhãhãe". Cadernos de Linguística. 1 (3): 01–14. doi:10.25189/2675-4916.2020.v1.n3.id253.
- ^ Meader, Robert E. (1978). Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro (in Portuguese). Brasilia: SIL International.
- ^ "Pataxó Hã-Hã-Hãe - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil". pib.socioambiental.org. Retrieved 2025-02-17.
- ^ Nelson, Jessica Fae (2021), Avineri, Netta; Harasta, Jesse (eds.), "Retaking Hãhãhãe: Revitalization and Reindigenization in a Context of Indigenous Erasure", Metalinguistic Communities, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 161–179, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76900-0_8, ISBN 978-3-030-76899-7, retrieved 2025-01-19
- ^ Paulo, Comissão Pró-Índio de São. "Lições de Bahetá: Sobre a Língua Pataxó Hãhãhãi". Comissão Pró-Índio de São Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2025-01-19.
- ^ Wied, Maximilian Alexander Philipp, Prinz von. 1989. Viagem ao Brasil nos anos de 1815 a 1817. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia.
- ^ a b Ramirez, Henri; Vegini, Valdir; França, Maria Cristina Victorino de (2015-09-26). "Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas (in Portuguese). 15 (2): 223–277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302. ISSN 2177-7160.
- ^ Nelson, Jessica F. (2017). Dicionário Pataxó Hãhãhãe.
- ^ Nelson, Jessica F. (2018). Pataxó Hãhãhãe: Race, Indigeneity and Language Revitalization in the Brazilian Northeast (PDF). University of Arizona.
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