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China Coast Guard

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This article is about China's coast guard. For the coast guard in Taiwan, see Coast Guard Administration (Taiwan).
China Coast Guard
Patch of the China Coast Guard
Patch of the China Coast Guard
Emblem of China Coast Guard
Racing stripe
Common nameHaijing (海警)
China Coast Guard Bureau (中国海警局)
Agency overview
Formed22 July 2013; 11 years ago (2013-07-22)
Preceding agencies
Employees16,296 personnel (2018)
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdictionChina
Constituting instrument
  • Coast Guard Law of the People's Republic of China《中华人民共和国海警法》
General nature
Specialist jurisdiction
  • Coastal patrol, marine border protection, marine search and rescue.
Operational structure
Headquarters1 Fuxingmen Outer Street, Beijing, China
Agency executives
Parent agencyPeople's Armed Police
Facilities
Boats164 cutters
Multiple patrol boats (2018)
AircraftHarbin Z-9
Harbin Y-12
Website
www.ccg.gov.cn Edit this at Wikidata
China Coast Guard
Simplified Chinese中国海警局
Traditional Chinese中國海警局
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Hǎijǐngjú
Haijing ("Coast Guard")
Chinese海警
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHǎijǐng
People's Liberation Army
Executive departments
Staff
Services
Arms
Domestic troops
Special operations forces
Military districts
History of the Chinese military
Military ranks of China
Politics of China
Leadership
Leadership generations
Succession of power
Party and state leaders
Orders of precedence
Related systems
Communist Party
History
National People's Congress (14th)
State representative
Executive organ
Military organ
Supervisory organ
Judicial organs
United front
Historical parties:
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The China Coast Guard (CCG) is the maritime security, search and rescue, and law enforcement service branch of the People's Armed Police (PAP) of China. The Coast Guard is an armed gendarmerie force (of corps grade), and its cutters are armed. The emergency number of the Coast Guard is 95110, which began operation in 2019.[2]

Between 2013 and 2023, the CCG confiscated a total of 9.875 tonnes of drugs, 21 billion RMB worth of smuggled goods and 12 million tonnes of stolen sand, along with responding to over 53,000 emergency calls and handling 24,000 cases.[3]

History

[edit]

Prior to 2013, five Chinese departments had maritime law enforcement responsibilities leading to "waste, inefficiency, and disarray".[4] In March 2013, the National People's Congress (NPC) authorized the creation of the CCG under the State Oceanic Administration (SOA). The CCG combined the SOA's China Marine Surveillance (CMS), the Ministry of Agriculture's China Fisheries Law Enforcement [zh] (CFLE), the Ministry of Public Security's (MPS)[5] People's Armed Police Border Defense Corps Coast Guard [zh],[5][6] and the General Administration of Customs' Maritime Anti-Smuggling Police.[5] Locally controlled and funded CMS and CFLE units remained separate.[7] The Ministry of Transport's Maritime Safety Administration (MSA) and search and rescue organizations were not merged, possibly to reduce the difficulty of the reorganization or to allow the MSA to be continue to be differentiated from the more aggressive CCG for foreign relations purposes.[8] The CCG was officially created on 22 July 2013.[9]

The 2013 CCG did not become an integrated service and the intended synergies failed to materialize. The founding organizations retained separate identities, missions, and cultures.[7] The chain of command was unclear. The MPS had the authority to give "operational guidance". Meng Hongwei, a vice-minister of the MPS, was head of the CCG. The MPS also staffed the nominally civilian CCG with personnel from its own paramilitary PAP.[10] By April 2018, the CCG was unable to resolve these problems.[7]

The CCG was reorganized in 2018 to be a part of the Chinese armed forces. The PAP was subordinated only to the Central Military Commission and received control of the CCG. By 2019, the CCG was commanded by Rear Admiral Wang Zhongcai of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). The SOA was abolished[10] with most of its civilian researchers and administrators transferring to the Ministry of Natural Resources, which "renounced any role in maritime law enforcement". Local CMS and CFLE units remained separate.[7] On 22 June, the NPC authorized the transfer of the CCG to the PAP on 1 July;[11] The CCG's missions were unchanged by the reforms.[7]

Legal reform followed the 2018 reorganization. When the CCG was created it continued to operate under the pre-2013 legal framework used by the separate organizations. In 2020, the CCG's role in maritime criminal cases was clarified.[7] in January 2021, the NPC passed a law standardizing CCG operations and clarifying the authorization for the use of force;[12] the law permitted the use of lethal force to enforce Chinese territorial claims.[13][14]

In June 2024, the CCG was authorized to detain foreign vessels and persons for up to 60 days.[15]

Functions

[edit]

The CCG duty is to perform regular patrols and reactive actions (such as Search and Rescue) on the coastal, near sea, and open ocean areas of its jurisdiction (and international waters). These actions include principally law enforcement tasks such as interdicting smuggling, illegal fisheries control, and protecting the environment (such as stopping coral fishing and pollutant dumping).[16]

The CCG also serves as an armed border guard, protecting China's claimed maritime borders, which often leads to conflict and controversy. As a constituent part of the Chinese Armed Forces (being subordinate to the PAP), on wartime it would be placed under the operational control of the People's Liberation Army Navy, in which case it would be likely to play support roles and rear-area escort (like its USCG counterparts, which is also a branch of the military, its ships are not equipped for full military combat).[citation needed]

Law enforcement

[edit]

The first set of duties of the CCG according to the China Coast Guard Law include seven law enforcement tasks:

  1. fighting maritime violations and crimes,[17]
  2. preserving maritime safety and security,
  3. development and utilization of marine resources,
  4. marine ecological and environmental protection,[18]
  5. management of marine fishery resources,[19]
  6. carrying out anti-smuggling tasks on the sea,
  7. coordinating and guiding local maritime law enforcement.

Maritime safety

[edit]

Another set of responsibilities come from Maritime safety. While maritime safety, SAR, and the enforcement of the rules of marine safety is the main remit of the China Maritime Safety Administration, and the leading organ in active SAR is the China Rescue and Salvage Bureau, the CCG, as the main maritime law enforcement agency, is involved very often in rescue operations.[20] It also supports the CMSA in enforcing maritime safety rules and inspect ships suspected of presenting risks to navigation.[citation needed]

International cooperation

[edit]

International cooperation and coordination is one of the official tasks of the CCG. Part of this is cooperation with friendly nations for mutually beneficial tasks (such as cooperating with Russia in fishery operations, as part of the plan for the opening and operation of an Arctic passage).[21][22] More critical is cooperation with neighboring states on matters of mutual interest, in particular fisheries and smuggling. The frequency of that cooperation often correlates with the state of bilateral relationships, but institutional connections do remain continuously active.[23][24]

In the 2000s and early 2010s, the Chinese Coast Guard (Before 2013, the Maritime Police and China Marine Surveillance) conducted periodic joint-training sessions with other navies in the North Pacific, including the US Coast Guard service.[25] The Chinese Coast Guard has also participated in the annual North Pacific Coast Guard Agencies Forum in Alaska, along with the US, Canadian, Japanese, South Korean, and Russian Coast Guards. As part of an exchange program, around 109 members of the Chinese Coast Guard service have served on U.S. Coast Guard cutters.[26][27]

Badge of the People's Armed Police Border Defense Corps Coast Guard [zh]

The worsening of US-China relationships in the last few years (as of 2024), in particular the ongoing conflict regarding the South China Sea (in which the CCG is directly involved) have all but ended the co-training missions with the USCG, although the purely civilian CMSA still keeps a very close working relationship with its counterparts in the US and Japan.[citation needed]

Territorial sovereignty and rights protection

[edit]

As China's claims of sovereign waters are extensive and overlap with several other countries, enforcing this doctrine has created a very large number of incidents and controversies involving the CCG.[28][15] These often escalate to skirmishes and tense brinkmanship in what has been called grey-zone operations.[29] The CCG is at the forefront of these incidents (often alongside the People's Armed Forces Maritime Militia).[30] The probable reason for that usage, according to international analysts[31][32] is that putting the paramilitary "White Hulls" (the CCG) and the "Blue Hulls" (the PAFMM) at the forefront avoids the dangerous escalation that would happen if the unambiguously military "Gray Hulls" (the PLAN) were involved in an incident.[33][34]

The CCG is very active in patrolling those rights.[35] The result is a significant number of incidents of varying levels of tension.[28] In 2019, the United States issued a warning to China over aggressive and unsafe action by their Coast Guard and maritime militia.[36] In 2023, the Coast Guard used water cannons on Philippines military ships in contested waters.[37] In 2024, the PAFMM and CCG entered into a tense standoff with the Philippines over the Second Thomas Shoal.[15][38]

Organization

[edit]

Following the 2018 reforms, the CCG hierarchy - from senior to junior - are the CCG Bureau in Beijing, the regional branch bureaus (Chinese: 海区分局; pinyin: haiqu fenju), the provincial-level bureaus (Chinese: 省级海警局; pinyin: shengji haijing ju), the municipal-level bureaus (Chinese: 市级海警局; pinyin: shiji haijing ju) and work stations (Chinese: 工作站; pinyin: gongzuo zhan).[7]

There are currently 3 regional bureaus:[39]

The provincial and municipal bureaus conduct coastal missions. These are 11 such bureaus (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Heibei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanghai, Tianjin, Zhejiang),[7] one for each coastal region.[39]

The Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang and Fujian bureaus are part of the East Sea Bureau, the Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan bureaus are part of the South Sea Bureau and the Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin and Shandong Bureaus are part of the North Sea Bureau.[41]

The regional bureaus also control "directly subordinate bureaus" (Chinese: 直属局; pinyin: zhishi ju) which control most of the large cutters and execute most sovereignty enforcement missions. These bureaus and their locations are:[7]

Aviation units

[edit]

The CCG operates 3 aircraft groups, with each regional bureau operating one aircraft group.[40][41]

Equipment

[edit]

Some Chinese Coast Guardsmen have night vision devices.[44]

Firearms

[edit]

Chinese coast guard personnel are most commonly seen with QBZ-95 rifles.[45]

Vessels

[edit]
China Coast Guard Shucha II-class Cutter Haijing 3306, now renamed to Haijing 3301
Main article: List of ships of the China Coast Guard

Aircraft

[edit]

The Chinese Coast Guard has used modified versions of the Xi'an MA60 airliner known as the MA60H as a marine patrol aircraft.[46] The Harbin Z-9 and Wing loong II UAV has also been used by the Chinese Coast Guard.[43][47]

Personnel

[edit]

CCG ships are staffed by People’s Armed Police personnel.[48] China Coast Guard Academy is a dedicated institution that provides training for personnel entering the CCG.[49]

The CCG have been seen with aerial assault boarding units which deploy from helicopters along with diving units.[43]

Line of duty deaths

[edit]
See also: List of People's Armed Police personnel killed in the line of duty

There is currently one recorded LODD of CCG personnel.

Rank and name Chinese Name Badge number End of watch Unit Cause
Corporal Wang Xiaolong[50][3][51] 汪晓龙 0115479 2023-03-24 Guangdong Coast Guard Bureau, Shanwei Municipal Coast Guard Bureau, Chengqu Coast Guard Station Killed by speedboat propeller after falling into water during struggle while conducting a smuggling interdiction mission. Another coast guardsman, Lin Qingping was heavily injured but survived the incident.

Cooperation with other agencies

[edit]

The CCG has direct intel sharing with the General Administration of Customs.[39]

International cooperation

[edit]

The CCG has conducted joint patrols with the Vietnam Coast Guard.[52]

Bases

[edit]

The CCG has dozens of bases and facilities up and down the coast of China, some very small, their variegated nature again the result of the Coast Guard's mixed origin. The following are some of the largest and most significant.[53]

Major CCG Facilities
Base Name Province Coordinates Notes
Beihai Guangxi 21°29′06″N 109°05′02″E / 21.485°N 109.084°E / 21.485; 109.084
Fangchenggang Shiping Guangxi 21°37′34″N 108°18′58″E / 21.626°N 108.316°E / 21.626; 108.316 Shared with Fangchenggang Oceanic Administration, State Oceanic Administration[54]
Qinzhou Guangxi 21°44′10″N 108°38′20″E / 21.736°N 108.639°E / 21.736; 108.639
Jinzhou Liaoning 40°50′46″N 121°06′11″E / 40.846°N 121.103°E / 40.846; 121.103
Fuzhou Guling Fujian 26°03′18″N 119°21′11″E / 26.055°N 119.353°E / 26.055; 119.353
Fuzhou Tingjiang Fujian 26°04′26″N 119°30′47″E / 26.074°N 119.513°E / 26.074; 119.513
Xiamen downtown Fujian 24°28′01″N 118°03′54″E / 24.467°N 118.065°E / 24.467; 118.065
Xiamen CCG base Fujian 24°30′40″N 118°03′54″E / 24.511°N 118.065°E / 24.511; 118.065
Dalian Mianhuadao Shandong 39°00′22″N 121°40′30″E / 39.006°N 121.675°E / 39.006; 121.675
Dalian Wantong Shandong 39°00′36″N 121°42′32″E / 39.010°N 121.709°E / 39.010; 121.709
Yantai Yangmadao Shandong 37°26′38″N 121°34′55″E / 37.444°N 121.582°E / 37.444; 121.582
Yantai Zhifu Bay Shandong 37°32′42″N 121°23′31″E / 37.545°N 121.392°E / 37.545; 121.392
Tianjin Dongjiang Tianjin 38°58′44″N 117°48′07″E / 38.979°N 117.802°E / 38.979; 117.802
Guangzhou Taihe Guangdong 23°06′32″N 113°23′42″E / 23.109°N 113.395°E / 23.109; 113.395
Huangpu Changzhou Guangdong 23°04′37″N 113°25′55″E / 23.077°N 113.432°E / 23.077; 113.432
Huangpu Luntou Guangdong 23°04′41″N 113°22′30″E / 23.078°N 113.375°E / 23.078; 113.375
Shantou Guangdong 23°21′11″N 116°41′17″E / 23.353°N 116.688°E / 23.353; 116.688 Also home to the Guangdong Fishery Department Shantou Detachment.[55][original research?]
Zhanjiang Tiaoshun Guangdong 21°17′10″N 110°24′32″E / 21.286°N 110.409°E / 21.286; 110.409
Qinhuangdao fishing wharf Hebei 39°55′16″N 119°37′01″E / 39.921°N 119.617°E / 39.921; 119.617
Qinhuangdao coal terminal Hebei 39°56′06″N 119°40′05″E / 39.935°N 119.668°E / 39.935; 119.668
Shanghai Fuxingdao Shanghai 31°17′17″N 121°33′40″E / 31.288°N 121.561°E / 31.288; 121.561
Shanghai Gaoqiao Shanghai 31°21′25″N 121°36′50″E / 31.357°N 121.614°E / 31.357; 121.614
Shanghai port facility Shanghai 31°23′02″N 121°32′56″E / 31.384°N 121.549°E / 31.384; 121.549
Nantong Jiangsu 31°54′29″N 120°54′36″E / 31.908°N 120.910°E / 31.908; 120.910
Haikou port Hainan 20°01′52″N 110°16′41″E / 20.031°N 110.278°E / 20.031; 110.278
Haikou Haidian River Hainan 20°03′14″N 110°19′23″E / 20.0539°N 110.323°E / 20.0539; 110.323
Sanya Hainan 18°13′59″N 109°29′31″E / 18.233°N 109.492°E / 18.233; 109.492
Wenchang Hainan 19°33′36″N 110°49′30″E / 19.560°N 110.825°E / 19.560; 110.825
Qingdao Tuandao Inlet Shandong 36°03′00″N 120°17′53″E / 36.050°N 120.298°E / 36.050; 120.298
Qingdao port area Shandong 36°04′55″N 120°18′32″E / 36.082°N 120.309°E / 36.082; 120.309
Qingdao Huangdao Shandong 36°00′18″N 120°16′19″E / 36.005°N 120.272°E / 36.005; 120.272
Zhoushan Waichangzhi Zhejiang 29°58′48″N 122°04′55″E / 29.980°N 122.082°E / 29.980; 122.082
Ningbo CCG Academy Zhejiang 29°56′42″N 121°42′36″E / 29.945°N 121.710°E / 29.945; 121.710
Wenzhou Lucheng Zhejiang 28°01′30″N 120°40′19″E / 28.025°N 120.672°E / 28.025; 120.672

Coast guard air stations

[edit]
Base name Location Coordinates Stationed units
Zhoushan Putuoshan International Airport[41] Putuo, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 29°56′30″N 122°21′42″E / 29.941667°N 122.361606°E / 29.941667; 122.361606 1st Aviation Group
Zhuhai Jinwan Airport[41] Jinwan, Zhuhai, Guangdong 22°00′38″N 113°22′50″E / 22.010537°N 113.380464°E / 22.010537; 113.380464 2nd Aviation Group
Jinan Pingyin Agricultural airport [41] Pingyin county, Jinan, Shandong 36°17′47″N 116°26′25″E / 36.296281°N 116.440381°E / 36.296281; 116.440381 3rd Aviation Group

See also

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Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Sources

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